Journals
2025 EN
Alshahrani Amnah · Alghamdi Mohammed H. · Albladi Samar Muslah
+5 more
ABSTRACT Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) play an essential role in intelligent transportation systems. However, the dynamic mobile nature of VANETs makes them vulnerable to a wide range of anomalous behaviors. To address these issues, we propose X‐ExTEN‐ID, an explainable stacked ensemble framework for adaptive and intelligent anomaly detection and vehicular security enhancement in VANET environments. The proposed framework involves spatiotemporal data analysis and multiple ensemble learning techniques combined through a stacked meta‐learning architecture to identify anomalous behaviors in real‐time VANET environments accurately. Instead of traditional single‐model approaches, our ensemble strategy combines multiple base learners to enhance detection accuracy and ensure protection against evolving attack strategies. To validate our suggested approach, we utilized the VeReMi dataset, which provides real‐world urban vehicular mobility tasks with labeled position falsification and other attack types. Experiment results demonstrated that our framework achieves notable scores in detection performance, with the highest recall rate of 98.9%, an F 1‐score of 99%, and a notably low False Positive Rate (FPR) of 1.3% and False Negative Rate of 0.9%, compared to existing machine learning models.
Journals
2025 EN
Dirlik Ibrahim · Uğurlar Ferhat · Kaya Cengiz
ABSTRACT Effective irrigation management is crucial for optimizing crop production, particularly in water‐scarce regions. This study evaluated the performance of an Arduino‐based system designed to monitor and control soil moisture in a greenhouse setting, focusing on its impact on tomato plant growth, fruit yield, and fruit size under two different irrigation treatments. Treatment 1 (T1) involved low moisture with significant fluctuations (55%–85% soil moisture), while Treatment 2 (T2) maintained optimal and stable moisture levels (70%–85%). Soil moisture dynamics revealed that in T1, moisture levels oscillated significantly, dropping to 55% before irrigation restored them to 85%. This cyclical pattern indicates a stress‐response mechanism triggered by the system, which is essential for mitigating plant stress and ensuring optimal growth. Conversely, the optimal moisture treatment maintained more stable soil moisture levels between 70% and 85%, promoting healthy plant development and physiological functions. The correlation between sensor readings and gravimetric measurements was analyzed using a 45° diagonal correlation approach, demonstrating strong agreement between the two methods and reinforcing the reliability of sensor‐based irrigation. Physiological assessments indicated that seedlings under optimal irrigation experienced a 30% increase in fresh weight, a 6% increase in dry weight, a 16% increase in plant height, and a 25% higher SPAD values compared to T1 at the young stage. At maturity, T2 plants exhibited a 52% increase in fresh weight, a 78% increase in dry weight, and a 121% increase in plant height. Fruit yield increased by 47% in T2, with an average of 56 fruits per plant compared to 45 in T1, and the average fruit weight was 85 g in T2 compared to 56 g in T1. Future research should explore the integration of advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and predictive models to further optimize irrigation strategies, with an emphasis on scalability and environmental impact. By refining these technologies, agriculture can achieve more sustainable and productive outcomes in the face of increasing environmental challenges.
Journals
2025 EN
El Mrabet Abdennacer · El Orche Aimen · Diane Abderrahim
+4 more
ABSTRACT Lavender, widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region, produces essential oil known for its significant biological activities and is a key component of the perfume industry due to its high levels of Linalool and Linalyl acetate, along with low Camphor content, which contributes to its high cost. However, the market is plagued by adulterated lavender oil, often mixed with cheaper alternatives such as eucalyptus and rosemary. Current detection methods, primarily gas chromatography, are expensive, time‐consuming and often fail to detect low levels of adulteration. To address these limitations, this study examines the use of mid‐infrared spectroscopy for the detection and prediction of adulteration levels. A set of 105 samples, comprising pure lavender oil and adulterated lavender oil, was prepared in the laboratory. Principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering ascending (HCA) and K‐means clustering were applied to the FT‐MIR results for qualitative analysis to effectively discriminate between authentic and adulterated essential oils. For quantitative analysis, partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to develop accurate calibration models for predicting the percentage of adulteration. The results from PCA, HCA and K‐means demonstrated the efficacy of these techniques in detecting adulteration, even at low levels (2%). Calibration models were developed using the PLSR method with different spectral preprocessing techniques to predict the percentage of adulteration, with results indicating that models generated on the raw data and those using MSC (multiplicative signal correction) pre‐processing are optimal. In addition, the use of interval‐partial least squares (IPLS) variable selection techniques (Forward, Backward) improved the predictive accuracy of the models developed by reducing the number of wavelengths used.
Journals
2025 EN
Alrammah Ibrahim A. · Alqahtani Meshari · Basfar Ahmed A.
+1 more
ABSTRACT Fusion energy is increasingly recognized as a potential game‐changer in addressing the grand challenge of achieving deep decarbonization while ensuring long‐term energy security. Recognizing the uncertainty surrounding fusion energy's technological maturity, commercialization timelines, and cost trajectories, this study adopts an anticipatory foresight approach tailored to high‐uncertainty contexts. The research employs a mixed‐methods framework incorporating horizon scanning, expert elicitation, trend analysis, and exploratory scenario planning. These methods were selected to account for deep technological uncertainty (e.g., plasma containment breakthroughs, cost convergence, fuel supply chain development), as well as systemic uncertainties related to sociopolitical acceptance and infrastructure readiness. For the case of Saudi Arabia, three distinct scenarios—Optimistic, Moderate, and Conservative—are developed to reflect a spectrum of plausible futures. Under the Optimistic Scenario, fusion could supply 10%–15% of Saudi Arabia's electricity mix by 2045 (50–75 TWh annually). The Moderate Scenario forecasts a 5%–10% contribution by 2050 (25–50 TWh), while the Conservative case sees fusion reaching under 5% by 2060 (< 25 TWh). These projections are framed within the broader uncertainty landscape, with sensitivity analyses on cost assumptions, technological learning curves, and policy interventions. A comparative assessment of anticipatory methodologies under these uncertainty levels underscores the limitations of deterministic forecasting and the value of scenario‐based planning in guiding long‐term energy policy. While fusion's economic feasibility remains uncertain, potential cost parity with advanced nuclear fission and gas‐fired plants by mid‐century is plausible. The paper concludes with strategic policy recommendations to reduce uncertainty and accelerate fusion adoption: increasing national R&D funding, fostering international and public‐private collaborations, investing in adaptive grid infrastructure, and developing flexible regulatory frameworks.
Journals
2025 EN
Magouz Osama · Ibrahim Mahmoud A. A. · Mehanbil
+3 more
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify antioxidative and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides in fermented buttermilk after simulated gastric digestion. Following isoelectric focusing fractionation, peptides of the most active fractions were identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). Subsequently, 23 peptides were synthesized and tested for antioxidative and ACE inhibitory activity. The peptide PR7 (PWDQVKR, αs2‐casein 108–114) exerted comparable antioxidative activity to ascorbic acid, whereas the peptide SF8 (SGPLRPFF, butyrophilin 427–434) efficiently inhibited ACE with an IC 50 value of 1.57 µM. The binding modes of the five most active ACE inhibitors were predicted using AlphaFold2 multimer software. Molecular mechanics (MM) minimization and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of all complexes, followed by MM‐generalized born surface area (GBSA) binding energy calculations, were predicted. Notably, these peptides manifested good binding affinities to ACE. The estimated MM‐GBSA/MD binding energies correlated with the detected IC 50 values [correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) = 0.79]. Post‐MD analyses over 100 ns elucidated the steadiness of the five peptides.
Journals
2025 EN
Rescigno Antonio · Zucca Paolo · Peddio Stefania
+15 more
ABSTRACT The Jasminum genus, renowned for its aromatic flowers, has been used in traditional medicine across various cultures for its therapeutic properties. Recently, scientific interest has focused on the bioactive compounds present in Jasminum species, highlighting their potential applications in health and food preservation. This review evaluates the phytochemical composition of Jasminum species, emphasizing their therapeutic and preservative roles while identifying research gaps. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies from the last two decades. The review includes peer‐reviewed articles that provide robust methodologies and detailed results regarding the biological activities of Jasminum species. Findings reveal that Jasminum is rich in bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, contributing to significant antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. Scientific evidence supports traditional uses, such as treating headaches and infections. Additionally, Jasminum extracts have shown promise as natural food preservatives due to their potent antimicrobial activity. However, the review identifies significant variability in study methodologies and a lack of clinical trials, which limit the generalizability and application of these findings. Jasminum species possess a diverse phytochemical profile that holds promise for advancing health and food preservation applications. Future research should prioritize standardizing methodologies and conducting clinical trials to validate their efficacy. Bridging the gap between traditional knowledge and modern science will unlock the full potential of Jasminum as a multifaceted resource for health and nutrition.
Journals
2025 EN
Qureshi Tahir Mahmood · Nadeem Muhammad · Muhammad Ghulam
+5 more
ABSTRACT Dahi as well as date fruits are considered very important in our diet due to the presence of nutritional and medicinal properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential and angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of date paste added to indigenous dahi during storage (0–8 days, 5°C). The prepared dahi was also evaluated for its physico‐chemical characteristics and microbiological and sensorial quality during the storage period. The freshly prepared dahi supplemented (prepared from both cow's and buffalo's milk) with different date fruit pastes showed less syneresis, improved water holding capacity as well as sensorial quality compared to the control. The freshly prepared buffalo's milk dahi supplemented with different date fruit pastes performed the best with regard to TP contents (0.54–0.89 mg gallic acid equivalent/g), TF contents (163.43–243.42 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g), FRAP (733.11–898.66 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/g), and TAC (164.30–254.10 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g) compared to the control. Regarding ACE inhibition, the freshly prepared buffalo's milk dahi supplemented with date paste showed higher values (61.36%–72.43%) than the control (49.03%). The dahi prepared from buffalo's milk exhibited improved physico‐chemical characteristics, antioxidant as well as ACE inhibition (%) than those of cow's milk dahi. It was concluded that dahi supplemented with date pastes from different varieties exhibited improved physico‐chemical characteristics, antioxidant activity as well as ACE inhibition (%) than those of control dahi.
Journals
2025 EN
Kaya Kartal Yeliz · Ozalp Unal Derya · Ozkan Halil Ibrahim
+2 more
ABSTRACT Cherry laurel ( L. officinalis ) is a well known natural product and folk medicine in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect, polyphenolic, and mineral content of cherry laurel and the cytotoxic effect of its methanolic extraction on human embryonic kidney cells. The total phenolic content of L. officinalis was found to be 1.28 mg GAE/g, while the flavonoid content was 1.26 mg RE/g. The DPPH scavenging activity was 118.76 μg/g. Total antioxidant capacity was found to be 3.54 mM/100 g and in HPLC analysis only chlorogenic acid (101 μg/g) could be detected, but cyanidin‐3‐glucoside chloride, resveratrol, vanillic acid, (+)‐catechin, and (−)‐epicatechin could not. The highest mineral content was found in magnesium levels (46.10 ± 0.57 μg/g), but also contained selenium (9.90 ± 0.78 μg/g), silver (4.46 ± 0.27 μg/g), lead (1.34 ± 0.08 μg/g), zinc (1.31 ± 0.11 μg/g), and copper (0.66 ± 0.05 μg/g). Trace amounts of manganese (0.17 ± 0.02 μg/g) and mercury (0.08 ± 0.01 μg/g) were found in aqueous extraction of L. officinalis but in ethanolic and methanolic extractions these elements could not be detected. In all elements there was a statistically significant increase in water extraction of L. officinalis . Cobalt could not be detected in any of the extractions. The IC 50 concentration of L. officinalis on Hek‐293 cells was found to be 370 mg/mL. As a conclusion, L. officinalis is rich in chlorogenic acid and is a good antioxidant fruit. The high antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content, and mineral content are mostly used to decrease oxidative stress; however, it should not be forgotten that antioxidants may also have pro‐oxidant effects and should be investigated more on healthy and unhealthy cells.
Journals
2025 EN
Ibrahim Saooda · Umer Khan Muhammad · Khurram Iqra
+6 more
ABSTRACT Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) have revolutionized cancer therapy by offering a selective and innovative approach to degrade key oncogenic proteins associated with various malignancies. These hybrid molecules exploit the ubiquitin‐proteasome system, facilitating the degradation of target proteins through an event‐driven mechanism, thereby overcoming drug resistance and enhancing selectivity. With diverse targets including androgen receptors, BTK, estrogen receptors, BET proteins, and BRAF, PROTACs offer a versatile strategy for personalized cancer treatment. Advantages of PROTACs over traditional small molecule inhibitors include their ability to operate at lower concentrations, catalyzing the degradation of multiple proteins of interest with reduced cytotoxicity. Notably, PROTACs address challenges associated with traditionally “undruggable” targets, expanding the therapeutic landscape of cancer therapy. Ongoing preclinical and clinical studies highlight the transformative potential of PROTACs, with promising results in prostate, breast, lung, melanoma, and colorectal cancers. Despite their potential, challenges persist in optimizing physicochemical properties and enhancing bioavailability. Further research is needed to refine PROTAC design and address complexities in molecule development. Nevertheless, the development of oral androgen receptor PROTACs represents a significant milestone, demonstrating the feasibility and efficacy of this innovative therapeutic approach. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PROTACs in cancer therapy, emphasizing their mechanism of action, advantages, and challenges. As PROTAC research progresses, continued exploration in both preclinical and clinical settings will be crucial to unlocking their full therapeutic potential and shaping the future of personalized cancer treatment.
Journals
2025 EN
Younis Mohamed Ibrahim · Xiaofeng Ren · Hesarinejad Mohammad Ali
+1 more
ABSTRACT Sophora japonica , a member of the Fabaceae family, is recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional Asian medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of ultrasound‐assisted extraction techniques in obtaining bioactive compounds from S. japonica and to formulate these extracts into stable nanoemulsions with enhanced antioxidant activity. The extraction methods employed included ethanolic maceration followed by ultrasound‐assisted extraction, with the latter producing a total phenolic content of 65.57 mg gallic acid equivalent per milliliter, compared to 51.18 mg for the maceration method. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH scavenging assay, revealing that the ultrasound‐assisted extract exhibited a scavenging efficiency of 67%, whereas the ethanolic extract demonstrated a scavenging efficiency of 59%. The resultant nanoemulsions, formulated from the ultrasound‐assisted extracts, showed an average particle size of 252.92 nm and a zeta potential of −36.68 mV, indicating favorable stability. Visual inspections and peroxide value assessments during a 5‐day oxidative stability study indicated that the water‐based nanoemulsion experienced minimal changes, maintaining its stability, while the ethanolic nanoemulsion exhibited significant signs of separation and oxidation. These findings suggest that ultrasound‐assisted extraction not only enhances the recovery of bioactive compounds from S. japonica but also contributes to the formation of stable nanoemulsions, which hold potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.