Current Progress of Metal Sulfides/Metal–Organic Frameworks Composite Materials for Photocatalytic H 2 Production

Researchers are exploring composite materials to address the challenges of conductivity and stability in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which have significant potential for photocatalysis, especially in light‐driven water splitting for hydrogen production. Composites orientated toward metal sulfide/MOF synthesis for photocatalytic hydrogen triggered by observable light have garnered increasing attention recently. The emphasis is on metal sulfide/MOF composites, which provide effective charge separation, broad light absorption, and great photochemical stability. Although still in the early stages, these hybrid photocatalysts show promising real‐world applications. The creation and formulation of several nanocomposites based on metal sulfide/MOFs regarding the photocatalytic H 2 production have advanced recently, and this article provides a thorough overview of these developments. The current review highlights recent advances in nanocomposites based on metal sulfide/MOFs, emphasizing their improved photocatalytic activity because of synergistic effects and the effective role of non‐noble metal cocatalyst. It also highlights the existing challenges and outlines future research directions in the field of photocatalytic water splitting using metal sulfide/MOF nanocomposites.

Enhancement of Electron Exchange Through Nano‐Multilayers of Cadmium Sulfide/Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Based on Nanochitosan/Graphene Oxide for Supercapacitors and Energy Storage Applications

The design of the nano‐multilayer supercapacitor (NMLS) utilizes the high surface area of chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs), reduced graphene oxide nanosheet (rGO), with enhanced electron transfer by n/p‐type cadmium sulfide NPs and nickel oxide (NPs) to create the structure CS@NiO@rGO@CdS. The improved NMLS is engineered to improve electron transport through the incorporation of zinc sulfide (ZnS), cerium oxide (CeO 2 ), and molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2 ) nanoparticles. The study investigates the performance, fabrication, advancement, and modified surface in manufactured nanoelectrode supercapacitors, along with their electrochemical properties. This analysis is conducted utilizing the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique to evaluate the supercapacitors and their applicability in various energy storage. The capacitance values measured are as follows: NMLS (4.74 μF cm 2 ), NMLS@ZnS (4.13 μF cm 2 ), NMLS@CeO 2 (4.68 μF cm 2 ), and NMLS@MoS2 (23 μF cm 2 ). After 1000 cycles of nanoelectrode testing, capacitance retention is determined, demonstrating high cycle stability of NMLS (92%), NMLS@ZnS (79%), NMLS@CeO 2 (85%), and NMLS@MoS 2 (95%). The measured capacitance values are 96.1 μF cm 2 , 65.86 μF cm 2 , 22.2 μF cm 2 , and 254.5 μF cm 2 for NMLS, NMLS@ZnS, NMLS@CeO 2 , and NMLS@MoS 2 , respectively. The study indicates that engineered nanoelectrodes exhibit great efficacy for batteries, supercapacitors, and energy storage, making them interesting candidates for energy applications.

Catalytic epoxidation of waste palm kernel oil using in situ performic acid formation

Abstract The use of renewable resources in the epoxidation process can reduce the dependence on non‐renewable petroleum resources and contribute to a more environmentally friendly chemical industry. This study aims to investigate the epoxidation of waste palm kernel oil as a renewable feedstock. The synthesis of epoxidized waste palm kernel oil was conducted by reacting waste palm kernel oil, formic acid, and hydrogen peroxide in a one‐pot system. Currently, there is no reported literature on the simultaneous application of a catalyst for the epoxidation of waste palm kernel oil derived from industrial waste. The optimum process parameters were determined, including hydrogen peroxide to waste palm kernel oil molar ratio (1.5:1), formic acid to waste palm kernel oil molar ratio (0.5:1), and stirring speed (300 rpm). The optimum relative conversion to oxirane of epoxidized waste palm kernel oil was 88%. A mathematical model was developed using numerical integration based on the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method as follows:k 11= 0.894 mol·L −1 ·min −1 ,k 12= 7.420 mol·L −1 ·min −1 , andk 2= 0.086 mol·L −1 ·min −1 . Based on the findings of the kinetic study, the kinetic model was validated due to its minimal simulation error.

Estimation of energy and exergy efficiency of the trilateral cycle using machine learning algorithms

Abstract Trilateral cycles, widely employed in thermal systems for energy transformations, are recognized for their complex structures. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were conducted using R290 refrigerant, resulting in an energy efficiency of 11.15% and an exergy efficiency of 22.6%. Subsequently, the study aimed to estimate energy and exergy efficiencies in trilateral cycles using machine learning algorithms. Data collected during the process were processed using various machine learning algorithms, and the results determined the degree of alignment between prediction models and actual data. Utilizing the Python programming language, estimation values of 95% for exergy and 93% for energy efficiency were obtained. This research endeavors to underscore the potential of machine learning in estimating the energy and exergy efficiency of trilateral cycles, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the efficient design and operation of thermal systems.

Sustainable energy production on Mars: Energy analyses of organic Rankine and Brayton cycle

Abstract This study presents a novel comparative analysis of the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and Brayton cycle (BC) tailored for sustainable energy production on Mars, an environment with unique atmospheric and resource constraints. Unlike conventional studies, this research adapts these cycles to Martian conditions, focusing on three working fluids: helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) for the BC, and R600, R245fa, and R600a for the ORC. By evaluating thermodynamic performance, resource utilization, and logistical feasibility, this work identifies optimal fluid–cycle combinations to address Mars' energy needs, enabling reliable and efficient energy systems for long‐term human settlement. The novelty lies in incorporating Martian‐specific conditions, such as the planet's low atmospheric pressure and extreme temperatures, into the thermodynamic modeling of these cycles. The study also highlights the innovative use of locally available CO 2 to minimize reliance on transported resources, offering a sustainable solution for extraterrestrial energy production. These findings provide critical insights for the design and optimization of energy systems that can withstand Mars' harsh environment. This research benefits the scientific community by advancing knowledge on energy production in extraterrestrial environments and offering a framework for designing efficient, resource‐optimized power systems for space exploration. The proposed solutions have potential applications in future Mars missions and long‐term colonization strategies, serving as a blueprint for sustainable energy management in other planetary settings. Moreover, the adaptability of the ORC and BC for Martian use opens avenues for innovation in extreme‐environment engineering and renewable energy technologies.

Beliefs, misconceptions, and practices related to epilepsy among adults in Sudan: A large‐scale cross‐sectional study

Abstract Objective This study explored the most prevalent misconceptions about epilepsy among Sudanese individuals, focusing on knowledge, attitude, and practices in Sudan. Methods A community‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted in the safe areas in Sudan due to the war from October 15 to November 30, 2024. A validated questionnaire, adapted from a previous study with cultural modifications, was administered both through face‐to‐face interviews and online platforms. Data were analyzed using R software, employing descriptive statistics and chi‐square tests. Results Out of 3525 participants, 98.8% reported having heard of epilepsy. Nonetheless, 56.7% believed it could be caused by genetic factors, 14.1% viewed it as a contagious disease, 37.8% attributed it to witchcraft, and 17.7% considered it a punishment from God. In terms of attitudes, 54.7% believed epilepsy prevents individuals from living a happy life, 17.2% saw it as an obstacle to marriage, 56.9% thought it negatively impacts education, 26.1% viewed it as a barrier to employment, and 74% felt that society discriminates against those with epilepsy. As for practices, 47.6% regarded spiritual healing (ruqya) as effective, while 72.3% recommended consulting a doctor during seizures. Additionally, 49.7% expressed skepticism about the effectiveness of traditional medical treatment for epilepsy. Significance This study highlights considerable gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to epilepsy in Sudan. While many participants acknowledged genetic causes and endorsed the social inclusion of people with epilepsy (PWE), misconceptions—such as beliefs in contagion and supernatural causes—persist. Moreover, stigma and discrimination continue to pose significant challenges. Focused educational campaigns and public health interventions are essential to correct misconceptions, reduce stigma, and promote accurate, evidence‐based awareness of epilepsy across Sudanese communities. Plain Language Summary This study among 3525 Sudanese adults assessed the most prevalent misconceptions about epilepsy by measuring their knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the condition. Slightly more than half believed it could be inherited, about a third linked it to witchcraft, and some saw it as a punishment from God. Many participants also thought epilepsy prevents people from living happily, while others viewed it as an obstacle to marriage, education, and employment, with most recognizing discrimination in society. In terms of practice, almost half trusted spiritual healing, but most advised consulting a doctor, showing the need for education to reduce stigma and improve awareness.

Eco‐Friendly Extraction and Utilization of Agro Crop Wastes Based Natural Dye for Textile Dyeing

A Comprehensive Study on Canada's Green Hydrogen Production Potential Using Biomass and Waste Resources

ABSTRACT The present study examines the potential of green hydrogen production in Canada using biomass and waste resources. Considered biomass sources include urban waste, animal byproducts, forestry products and residue, crop residue, and purpose‐grown energy crops. The calculations and discussion of the potential of each province are conducted to assess the feasibility of a hydrogen economy. Further studies and projections of the annual biomass potential for various regions are also conducted using government data gathered from ministerial sources. The generation of electricity is achieved by employing gasification and incineration systems, which result in the production of hydrogen as the end product. This comprehensive work further provides the hydrogen maps for each province in Canada, focusing on the biomass energy potential by utilizing gasification and incineration methodologies. The results of this study indicate that Canada has the potential to produce around 2.66 Mt per year of green hydrogen by utilizing its existing biomass resources. According to the data, the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Québec exhibit the greatest potential for green hydrogen production with 518.46, 449.33, 447.57, and 428.11 kt, respectively. The expected outcomes of this study are poised to provide valuable insights for policymakers in their use of renewable energy for the purpose of formulating and implementing new policies and initiatives. Additionally, these results are expected to contribute to the resolution of challenges associated with fossil fuel dependency. This may be examined within the framework of the prevailing policies implemented by policymakers to meet the energy demands.

A Type‐3 Fuzzy‐Based Model Predictive Control Approach for Management of Constant Energy

ABSTRACT Despite direct current (DC) microgrids' benefits over alternating current microgrids, these systems confront several difficulties. The instability brought on by constant power loads (CPLs) is one of the main challenges. Because of their rising negative impedance characteristics, CPLs reduce system performance. This study looks at a DC microgrid that has a photovoltaic (PV) battery grid connected to a CPL. To tackle this challenge, a disturbance observer and a continuous‐time model predictive control based on type‐3 fuzzy logic systems (T3‐FLSs) are applied to the bidirectional DC‐DC converter. Even in the face of load and PV generation fluctuations, this method aims to regulate the nonlinearity of the CPL and preserve system stability across a broad operating range. A new learning scheme based on square root cubature Kalman filter is developed for online deep learning of identified T3‐FLS model. Finally, the proposed strategy is compared with the conventional model predictive control method, which demonstrates the superiority of the suggested method in terms of flexibility, reduced response time, reduced fluctuations, and improved stability. Tests were performed using a variety of circumstances, including variations in PV power and CPL load, to assess the system's performance. All these experiments and simulation results were performed in the MATLAB software. Simulation results show that the proposed network has very good performance in terms of dynamic response, precise tracking, and stability over a wide range. The voltage fluctuations are improved by about 20%. The suggested algorithm significantly impacts the energy efficiency of the microgrid by voltage stabilizing, enhancing microgrid adaptability to changing conditions, disturbances, increasing renewable integration, and reducing operational costs.

Promotional Role of Pd Over Ni Catalyst Dispersed Over Sc‐ZrO₂ for Methane Partial Oxidation: Crystallinity and Reducibility Effects

ABSTRACT Natural emissions of the highly potent greenhouse gas methane cannot be completely prevented, but in the presence of O 2 , methane can be catalytically converted to hydrogen‐rich syngas. This reaction is specified as partial oxidation of methane (POM). Herein, Ni dispersed over “scandia‐stabilized‐zirconia” (5Ni/DSZ) and the promotional effect of Pd (0.01 to 0.1 wt%) are investigated for POM and characterized with surface area and porosity measurements, X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed studies, and thermogravimetry. During the POM, the initial population of active Ni sites decreases in non‐promoted catalysts due to oxidation under oxygen, upon loading of 0.02 wt.% Pd over 5Ni/DSZ, the active site population is preserved against oxygen during the POM due to improved metal support interaction between Ni and long‐range order crystallites of support (like cubic ZrO 2 and orthorhombic Sc 2 Zr 5 O 13 ). 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst acquired more than 80% catalytic activity (CH 4 conversion and H 2 yield) with 2.5 H 2 /CO ratio at 600°C during 240 min on stream. The 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst also maintained more than 70% H 2 yield with H 2 /CO ratio ~2 during 30 h time on stream. The thermostable 5Ni0.02 Pd/DSZ catalyst may be recommended for hydrogen‐rich syngas production with high H 2 ‐yield through POM.