Journals
2025 EN
Old Victoria J. · Davies Melanie J. · Papamargaritis Dimitris
+2 more
ABSTRACT Background Obesity is a chronic disease associated with increased risk of multiple metabolic and mental health–related comorbidities. Recent advances in obesity pharmacotherapy, particularly with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonists (RAs), have the potential to transform obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) care by promoting marked weight loss, improving glycaemic control and addressing multiple obesity‐related comorbidities, with added cardio‐renal benefits. Dual agonists combining GLP‐1 with other enteropancreatic hormones such as glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) have also been developed in recent years, leading to greater weight loss than using GLP‐1 RAs alone. However, up to 40% of the weight lost with GLP‐1 RAs comes from lean body mass, raising concerns about potential adverse effects on skeletal muscle function. Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by reduced mitochondrial size and activity, is prevalent in individuals with obesity and T2DM and is a known contributor to muscle wasting in ageing and some chronic diseases. This systematic review investigates the impact of GLP‐1‐based therapies on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in individuals with obesity and T2DM or in related animal and cell models. Methods A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted. Inclusion criteria included randomized controlled trials, randomized crossover trials, cluster randomized control trials and basic science studies involving any GLP‐1 RA or GLP‐1/GIP dual agonist. Outcomes of interest were skeletal muscle respiratory function either in the form of measurements of mass, number, content, oxidative capacity/respiratory function, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. Results Eight studies were eligible for analysis; no human studies were identified. All of the included studies used GLP‐1 RAs (single agonists) as intervention. The emerging evidence suggests that GLP‐1 RAs increase mitochondrial area, number and morphology (i.e., reduces swelling). Data are conflicting on the effect of GLP‐1 RAs upon mitochondrial mass, respiration and the expression of uncoupling proteins and PGC‐1α. Data also demonstrate muscle specific (i.e., soleus vs. extensor digitorum longus) responses to GLP‐1 RAs. Conclusion GLP‐1 RAs appear to have a positive effect upon mitochondria area, number and morphology, but effects upon other aspects of mitochondrial health remain inconclusive. Data are very limited and solely presented in animal and in vitro models. Future studies should be conducted in human populations in order to begin to understand the effect of GLP‐1 RAs and GLP‐1‐based therapies on human skeletal muscle mitochondria.
Springer Science+Business Media
Journals
2025 EN
Benz Elizabeth · Pinel Alexandre · Guillet Christelle
+14 more
ABSTRACT Background Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical condition defined by the coexistence of high body fat mass and low muscle function and mass, which increases the risk of adverse health outcomes, including disability and mortality. Early detection and frequent monitoring of SO are essential for preventive interventions and management strategies. The current binary approach for SO diagnosis is limited in capturing the spectrum of SO or its progression over time. The main objective of this study was to develop a continuous SOP i that integrates diagnostic criteria such as muscle function and body composition. We aimed to evaluate the association between SOP i and all‐cause mortality, to identify baseline‐related factors with SOP i and to assess changes in the SOP i over time. Methods Participants from the Rotterdam Study with baseline and follow‐up measures of handgrip strength (HGS), dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐measured appendicular lean mass index (ALM/kg) and body fat percentage (BF%) were included. SOP i was calculated as a sex‐specific equation integrating z‐scores (Z) of (BF%)—(HGS)—(ALM/kg). Cox regression and multivariable linear regression models were fitted to evaluate mortality risk and associated factors with SOP i , respectively. Subgroup analysis of SOP i changes was performed by linear mixed‐effects models. Results In the total population ( n = 5888, age 69.5 ± 9.1 years, BMI 27.5 ± 4.3 kg/m 2 , 56.8% females) and over the 9.9‐year median follow‐up period, 1538 (26.1%) participants died. Each standard deviation (SD) increase in sex‐specific SOP i was associated with a 10% higher risk of premature death (HR = 1.10 [95%CI: 1.07; 1.13]). Thirteen factors were associated with high SOP i , such as reduced physical activity, higher triglyceride‐glucose index, HOMA‐IR, systemic inflammation, osteopenia, hypertension, liver steatosis, asthma, coronary heart disease, oral corticosteroid use, lower protein intake, lower quality of life and lower educational status. In participants with obesity, lower physical activity and/or insulin resistance ( n = 1682), a significantly higher and faster increase in SOP i was observed compared to participants without these factors (males: β = 2.63 [95%CI: 2.22; 3.03]; females: β = 2.90 [95%CI: 2.58; 3.23]). Conclusion SOP i is a significant predictor of premature death and can identify associated factors, particularly useful among persons at risk of SO. SOP i is higher and increases faster in individuals with specific phenotypes. SOP i integrates prognosis information, which could be used as a risk indicator and for prevention of SO.
Journals
2025 EN
Tsomokos Dimitris I. · Halstead Elizabeth · Flouri Eirini
Abstract Background Research has established a bidirectional association between sleep disturbances and depression in both adults and youth, as well as links between depression and circadian rhythms and chronotype, predominantly in adult populations. However, the link between chronotype and depression in the general adolescent population, independently of poor sleep and prior mental health problems, remains unclear. Methods This study investigated the association between time‐to‐sleep (TTS) and depressive symptoms in middle adolescence (age 14 years) using data from a large, nationally representative birth cohort from the UK. The relationship between TTS and self‐reported number of depressive symptoms was adjusted for individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics, including sleep quality, earlier mental health, diet and family meal routines, body‐mass index, screen time, physical activity, chronic illness, special educational needs, peer victimization, socioeconomic status, maternal mental health, area safety and the built environment (air pollution). Results An “evening” chronotype was positively associated with depressive symptoms, and biological sex moderated this association—with eveningness being more strongly related to depressive symptoms in females. TTS inconsistency between non‐school and school nights was associated with depressive symptoms and sleeping later on non‐school nights predicted fewer depressive symptoms. The results were robust to further sensitivity analyses that used the sleep midpoint on non‐school nights and controlled for sleep duration. Limitations This was a correlational study. The independent and dependent variables were self‐reported, and there was no clinical screening for sleep disorders. The TTS variables were provided in crude hour slots. Conclusions A robust association was found between evening chronotype and depressive symptoms in middle adolescence, even after adjustment for a wide range of confounders. Eveningess and depressive symptoms were more strongly associated in females.
Journals
2025 EN
Todorov Jessica J. · Kohls Gregor · Pauli Ruth
+19 more
Abstract Background Youth with conduct disorder (CD) and high callous‐unemotional (CU) traits are not a homogenous group and can be disaggregated into primary and secondary subgroups. However, there are inconsistencies in defining primary and secondary subgroups, with some studies using anxiety, others using maltreatment and still others using both features to identify subgroups. There is a paucity of work comparing primary and secondary subgroups with typically developing (TD) youth on experiences of maltreatment and parenting as well as a lack of studies investigating sex differences. Methods In a large sample of TD youth ( n = 946, 66% female) and youth with CD ( n = 885, 60% female), we used latent profile analysis in youth with CD aged between 9 and 18 years to address four aims: (i) to demonstrate how primary and secondary subgroup membership differs when anxiety, maltreatment, or both are used as continuous indicators, (ii) to compare primary and secondary subgroups with TD youth on abuse and neglect measures, and (iii) to compare primary and secondary subgroups with TD youth on parenting experiences, and (iv) to examine whether the results were consistent across sexes. Results Anxiety without maltreatment yielded the best fitting and most theoretically interpretable classification of primary and secondary subgroups across both sexes (Bayesian information criterion = 17832.33, Entropy = 0.75, Lo‐Mendell‐Rubin: p < 0.01). Compared with TD youth, youth with primary and secondary CU traits experienced greater levels of abuse and neglect ( p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.04−0.16) and maladaptive parenting practices ( p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.04−0.13). Youth with primary and secondary CU traits were equally high on levels of abuse, neglect, and maladaptive parenting (all p values >0.05). Conclusions We provide evidence that anxiety and maltreatment cannot be used interchangeably to identify youth with primary versus secondary CU traits. Anxiey yielded the best fitting and most theoretically interpretable classifications across both sexes. Our results signify the need for researchers and clinicians to adopt a unified approach to defining primary and secondary subgroups of CU traits using anxiety in both sexes.
Journals
2025 EN
Hoch Armando · Dimitriou Dimitris · WolfWettstein Jessica
+6 more
ABSTRACT Hip abductors are essential for hip function. To understand abduction weakness, it is important to know which muscles contribute to abduction force. Our aim was to investigate the effects of an experimentally induced weakness of the different muscles (tensor fasciae latae [TFL], gluteus medius and minimus (Gmed/min), gluteus maximus [Gmax]) on the abduction force. Ten participants received sequential nerve blocks of the TFL, the Gmed/min, and the Gmax. Subsequently, abduction force was measured in the lateral decubitus position in three sagittal positions of the hip (30° flexion, neutral, 30° extension). In 30° flexion, the average abduction force was 220 N without block, 187 N with block of the TFL, 83 N with block of the Gmed/min, and 97 N with block of the Gmax, respectively. In neutral position, average abduction force was 213 N without block, 200 N with block of the TFL, 82 N with block of the Gmed/min, and 115 N with block of the Gmax, respectively. In 30° extension, average abduction force was 116 N without block, 146 N with block of TFL, 61 N with block of the Gmed/min, and 94 N with block of the Gmax, respectively. An induced weakness of the TFL reduces abduction force only in 30° of hip flexion by 15%. It is not highly relevant as an abductor. An induced weakness of the Gmax reduces abduction force in flexion by 43%−56%, depending on the position. It is, therefore, highly relevant as an abductor of the hip.
Journals
2025 EN
Youssef Mina · Tatakis Dimitris N. · Demko Catherine
+1 more
Abstract Background The widespread adoption of digital technologies in dentistry has transformed workflows and practices. However, limited, if any, information is available on the extent of digital workflow integration in periodontics. This study aims to evaluate literacy, utilization, and knowledge of digital technologies, specifically implant navigation systems, among American board‐certified periodontists. Methods This study utilized a survey with 16 multiple choice questions, sent through an online survey tool. Associations of survey responses with demographics, that is, experience (implant case load) and practice type, were statistically analyzed. Results A significant proportion of periodontists have incorporated digital technologies into their practices, with a majority utilizing cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners and implant planning software. However, the adoption of more advanced technologies, such as dynamic or robotic navigation, remains limited. There was a significant difference in dynamic navigation utilization by participant experience and in robotic navigation utilization by practice type. Among the study participants, 40% reported the use of static navigation, with a notable percentage reporting its benefits in terms of increased accuracy and reduced morbidity for implant placement surgery. Despite a prevailing belief that digital tools are particularly valuable in complex cases, concerns about cost, complexity, and necessity were expressed regarding the adoption of these technologies. Conclusion There is widespread utilization of certain digital technologies, for example, three‐dimensional radiography and static navigation, and very limited utilization of others, for example, robotic navigation, among US periodontists. Further research is needed to provide evidence of the benefits and efficacy of these technologies. Plain Language Summary A questionnaire was sent to implant and gum disease specialists in the United States, focused on evaluating the level of usage and understanding of different digital technologies in the field of implant placement in dentistry. Specialists were asked to answer questions related to their experience in the field, the kind of dental practice they were working at (corporate, private, or academic institution), and if they were using any of the available new dental technologies (including dental implant robots) in their practice. Results showed that most of the responding specialists were using 3D dental X‐ray machines and software for planning the positions of dental implants on 3D X‐rays, and around 40% of respondents were 3D‐printing a resin template (guide) to facilitate accurate dental implant placement in the planned position. However, the usage of more advanced technologies, such as robotic arms, has not yet been widely adopted. It was clear that the kind of technology used was greatly affected by the kind of dental practice, and advanced technologies are used more in academic institutions than in any other kind of practice. Further research is needed to provide more evidence of the benefits of using the available digital technologies among specialists.
Journals
2025 EN
Zijl Floris V.W.J. · Eerden Anke W. · Stubos Melania
+4 more
Background Dorsal preservation is a recently popularized technique to lower the nasal dorsum without opening the cartilaginous vault. Improved nasal breathing has been reported after lowering an intact dorsum using preservation techniques, suggesting that septal deprojection opens the internal nasal valves. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of dorsal preservation on internal nasal valve dimensions in noses with an overprojected cartilaginous septum. Methods Ten postmortem human specimen heads with a tension nose deformity were imaged using ultra‐high‐resolution photon‐counting detector computed tomography, after which a low‐strip let‐down technique was performed on each specimen. Following dorsal lowering, scans were repeated and internal nasal valve angle and area of pre‐ and postoperative scans were measured by three assessors. Differences in pre‐ and postoperative measurements were assessed using a linear mixed‐effects model. Results A significant increase in both internal nasal valve angle (4.28 degrees, 95% CI: 3.11–5.46) and area (8.86 mm 2 , 95% CI: 7.11–10.61) was demonstrated after dorsal lowering. Interrater reliability among the three assessors was high, with ICCs ranging from 0.839 to 0.985. Conclusions This study provides morphological evidence that the internal nasal valve widens after mobilizing the dorsum and lowering the septum, without alterations to the cartilaginous vault itself. Although these results suggest that low‐strip dorsal preservation may be effective in treating the functionally impaired tension nose, clinical studies are necessary to substantiate these findings in live tissue. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope , 135:2359–2366, 2025
Journals
2025 EN
ComasForgas Ruben · Koulouris Alexandros · Kouis Dimitris
Abstract Our study investigates the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI), specifically generative AI technologies (GAI), on the linguistics of academic article titles. Triggered by suspicious of increased usage of specific verbs in article titles, this research hypothesizes that GAI tools may be influencing the language of scientific communication. To explore this hypothesis, we conducted a comprehensive analysis on the frequency and distribution of 15 selected verbs in research article titles, using data extracted from the SCOPUS database spanning 2015 to 2024. The methodology integrates qualitative observations with a bibliometric approach, examining the presence and trends of these verbs across multiple scientific disciplines. The findings reveal a marked increase in these verbs, pointing towards AI's involvement in title generation. We also explore document characteristics, such as disciplinary backgrounds and publication contexts, to gauge AI's impact on academic writing. Furthermore, the research attempts to quantify the extent of AI‐assisted title generation. Despite several limitations, this investigation paves the way for future studies to broaden the linguistic and database scope. It underscores the need for establishing AI usage standards in academic publishing, contributing valuable insights into the ongoing dialogue about AI's integration into academic writing.
Journals
2025 EN
Chatzipapas Konstantinos P. · Papachristou Konstantinos · Visvikis Dimitris
+3 more
Abstract Background Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) has emerged as a unique and effective treatment modality for cancer. Monte Carlo simulations have greatly advanced investigations into radiation‐caused DNA damage, including the complexity of this damage. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate DNA damage induced by high‐linear energy transfer therapeutic radionuclides used in TRT, specifically 225 Ac, 177 Lu, and 212 Pb, using Geant4‐DNA Monte Carlo simulations. Methods The Geant4‐DNA toolkit, incorporating the “molecularDNA” example, was employed to simulate radiation interactions within a human fibroblast cell model featuring a fractal chromatin fiber geometry within an ellipsoidal nucleus. Three source geometries (membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus) were modeled to assess the impact of radionuclide localization. Key metrics, including absorbed dose, double‐strand break (DSB) yield, single‐strand break/DSB ratio, and DSB/Gbp/decay, were calculated for 225 Ac (alpha emitter), 177 Lu (beta emitter), and 212 Pb (mixed alpha/beta emitter). Simulations accounted for physical, physicochemical, and chemical stages, with validation against published data for 177 Lu and 225 Ac. Results Alpha emitter 225 Ac exhibited the highest DSB/Gbp/decay (1.646 in nucleus geometry) and absorbed dose (0.256 Gy/decay), followed by 212 Pb (0.455 DSB/Gbp/decay, 0.0684 Gy/decay), and 177 Lu (0.0058 DSB/Gbp/decay, 0.0007 Gy/decay). DSB yields increased with proximity to the nucleus, with 225 Ac showing up to 284 times greater DSB/Gbp/decay than 177 Lu. Validation showed < 10% divergence from reference studies. Conclusions Geant4‐DNA simulations highlight the superior radiobiological effectiveness of alpha emitters, particularly 225 Ac, for inducing DNA damage and emphasize the importance of source localization. These findings enhance our understanding of TRT's radiobiological effects and can be used to support development of refined therapeutic strategies.
Journals
2025 EN
Ristic Mihailo · Chappell Karyn E. · Lanz Harry
+3 more
Abstract Purpose To report the first in‐vivo results from exploiting the magic angle effect, using a dedicated low‐field MRI scanner that can be rotated about two axes. The magic angle directional imaging (MADI) method is used to depict collagen microstructures with 3D collagen tractography of knee ligaments and the meniscus. Methods A novel low‐field MRI system was developed, based on a transverse field open magnet, where the magnet can be rotated about two orthogonal axes. Sets of volume scans at various orientations were obtained in healthy volunteers. The experiments focused on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the meniscus of the knee. The images were co‐registered, anatomical regions of interest (ROIs) were selected and the collagen fiber orientations in each voxel were estimated from the observed image intensity variations. The 3D collagen tractography was superimposed on conventional volume images. Results The MADI method was successfully employed for the first time producing in‐vivo results comparable to those previously reported for excised animal specimens using conventional MRI. Tractography plots were generated for the ACL and the menisci. These results are consistent with the known microstructure of collagen fibers in these tissues. Conclusion Images obtained using low‐field MRI with 1 mm 3 resolution were of sufficient quality for the MADI method, which was shown to produce high quality in‐vivo information of collagen microstructures. This was achieved using a cost effective and sustainable low‐field magnet making the technique potentially accessible and scalable, potentially changing the way we image injuries or disease in joints.