Journals
2026 EN
Niu Teng · Zhang Chunliang · Zhang Rong
+8 more
ABSTRACT Organofluorine compounds have been widely applied in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials science due to their outstanding properties, stimulating the demand for prompting the development of various fluorinating reagents and fluorine‐containing building blocks. Among these approaches, the use of easily available and inexpensive fluoroalkyl acetaldehydes and their analogues has garnered increasing attention to access numerous fluoroalkylated compounds. This review focuses on the reactivity and applications of fluoroalkyl acetaldehydes and their derivatives, systematically summarizing recent methodological advances in the synthesis of diverse fluoroalkylated compounds.
Journals
2026 EN
Changruenngam Thanayut · Kaewpanus Komkrich
ABSTRACT Climate change and anthropogenic disturbances are significant factors influencing primate distributions and habitat conditions. This study evaluates the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors on habitat suitability for six macaque species in Thailand: long‐tailed macaque (LTM), Rhesus macaque (RSM), stump‐tailed macaque (STM), Assamese macaque (ASM), northern pig‐tailed macaque (NPM), and Sunda pig‐tailed macaque (SPM). Habitat suitability was predicted through Maxent‐based species distribution models (SDMs), which integrated bioclimatic and anthropogenic predictors. Occurrence data were collected from field surveys conducted between 2005 and 2025, literature, and citizen science data. The macaque habitat, anthropogenic dependence, and coexistence (MAC) framework was utilized to evaluate habitat quality (HQ). Hierarchical clustering was employed to analyze environmental niche similarities based on variable contribution profiles. Most SDMs exhibited moderate to high discriminatory ability, indicated by a test AUC > 0.7, with the SPM displaying the highest level of consistency. Thermal variables were predominant for the ASM and NPM; temperature seasonality was the primary factor for the RSM and STM, while precipitation influenced the SPM distribution. Anthropogenic factors, particularly artificial light at night (ALAN), significantly impacted the LTM. Hierarchical clustering revealed three distinct clusters. The HQ assessments indicated that the SPM and STM were associated with high‐quality, natural forest habitats, whereas the LTM and RSM were primarily correlated with human‐modified landscapes. Predicted suitable habitats are extensive for the NPM, STM, and LTM but are increasingly restricted for the ASM, RSM, and SPM. The findings offer comprehensive insights to facilitate monitoring, habitat management, and conservation planning for macaques in Thailand.
Journals
2026 EN
Haertel Andrew J. · Berns Kathryn E. · Falkenstein Kathrine (Shelley) P.
+31 more
ABSTRACT A multicenter study was undertaken to generate new weight‐for‐age growth standards to monitor the growth of infant rhesus and pigtail macaques in research breeding colonies. Previously, single institutions have developed reference growth curves, under the assumption of linear growth, for infants raised in certain settings with a limited scope of benefit to outside institutions. Weight and health records from seven research institutions across the USA were used to build models of body weight by age. Linear and Box‐Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) distribution models, which have been adopted from the World Health Organization's methods, were compared to find the best fit of the models. Resultant weight percentiles and growth velocity charts were provided from the best‐fit model ranked by generalized Akaike's information criterion. Multiparameter models with the BCPE distribution fit the data better than linear models with normal distributions. The assumption that infant macaque growth is linear was challenged by our findings; growth rates appear to change over the first year of life for infant macaques. Growth standards were integrated into centile charts and a computer application in MS Excel to provide user‐friendly weight‐for‐age percentile charts to access and analyze macaque growth data. The new growth standards provide a unified reference that best represents normal physiological growth for all infant rhesus and pigtail macaques from birth through the first year of life. These standards offer guidance on expected growth trajectories and serve as a benchmark for assessing the healthy development of macaque infants across research breeding colonies.
Journals
2026 EN
Kavaarpuo Godwin · Daley Kathryn · Johnson Guy
ABSTRACT Over the last three decades, overseas researchers have utilised administrative data to identify distinct patterns in shelter use. In Australia, the use of administrative data to understand service utilisation patterns among people ‘at risk’ of homelessness and experiencing homelessness is limited. A small number of Australian studies suggest that there are different patterns of service use. However, these studies are either drawn from single sites or utilise limited timeframes, and they are not strictly comparable with international studies as there is no equivalent to shelters in Australia. What remains unclear is whether service use patterns are agency‐specific or exist at a systems level, and the relationship between household characteristics and service utilisation. This paper fills this gap using a novel subset of an administrative dataset of 70,000 unique households that presented to six Initial Assessment and Planning services in metropolitan Melbourne between 2014 and 2020. Our findings suggest three distinct patterns of service use (light, periodic, and regular) and while we find no gender differences between the three clusters, regular users are younger and more likely to have a range of disabling conditions than light and periodic users. The paper concludes with implications for policy and practice.
Journals
2026 EN
Corbett Emily · McGann Michael · Considine Mark
+1 more
ABSTRACT There is increasing recognition within welfare services, including employment services, that many participants may have histories of trauma. Research suggests that experiences of trauma not only impact individuals' psychosocial health but also vocational elements such as job performance, employability, career progression, and financial security. Yet, there is a notable lack of research detailing effective strategies for the delivery of trauma‐informed employment services nor is there a well‐established, empirically‐tested model designed to assist such disadvantaged jobseekers in achieving long‐term employment. This scoping review examines what is known regarding trauma‐informed models within employment service delivery and social security systems, with a view to directing future research, practice, and policy recommendations. A total of 596 articles were identified through a comprehensive search across social science databases; 14 articles met the criteria and were included in this review. The study found that out of the articles examined, half ( n = 7) were primarily theoretical in design. There was a significant lack of empirical evidence concerning the outcomes of trauma‐informed employment services, including participants' experiences.
Journals
2026 EN
Rak Louise · Blakemore Tamara · Randall Elsie
+1 more
ABSTRACT Systems and structures designed to protect and support young people, specifically (in this paper) young women, are ironically the same systems that maintain gender disparity. Consequently, this has influenced the embodied identities of young women who experience and use violence. Such systemic and structural intersectionality has impacted upon and is enacted through generations of women, especially those who are more likely to be disproportionately impacted by micro and macro layers of discrimination due to age, race, religion, dis/ability and socioeconomic status. This paper draws on the narratives and experiences of 24 young women aged 13–18 who have experienced and used nonfatal violence. Their narratives chart the role of systemic oppression, community expectations, hierarchical group dynamics and identity formation in their experiences of violence. Findings centre on the experiences of young women, their words providing insight into motivators and drivers of female violence, which to date has been under‐researched and often poorly understood.
Journals
2026 EN
Taylor Helen · Bartels Lorana
ABSTRACT The relationship between homelessness or unstable housing and reincarceration is well documented. The initial month after a person is released from custody is a period of particular vulnerability, with an increased risk of homelessness and return to prison. The Justice Housing Programme (JHP) is a programme developed by the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government to provide transitional accommodation to adults leaving the ACT's prison. This paper presents key findings from a process evaluation of the JHP, drawing on interviews with 19 current and former JHP clients and 16 professional stakeholders involved in the programme, as well as a brief survey with 17 current and former clients.
Journals
2026 EN
Ruthberg Jeremy · Gunderson Nicole · Chen Pengcheng
+5 more
ABSTRACT Background Residual disease after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) contributes to poor outcomes and revision surgery. Image‐guided surgery systems cannot dynamically reflect intraoperative changes. We propose a sensorless, video‐based method for intraoperative CT updating using neural radiance fields (NeRF), a deep learning algorithm used to create 3D surgical field reconstructions. Methods Bilateral ESS was performed on three 3D‐printed models ( n = 6 sides). Postoperative endoscopic videos were processed through a custom NeRF pipeline to generate 3D reconstructions, which were co‐registered to preoperative CT scans. Digitally updated CT models were created through algorithmic subtraction of resected regions, then volumetrically segmented, and compared to ground‐truth postoperative CT. Accuracy was assessed using Hausdorff distance (surface alignment), Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) (volumetric overlap), and Bland‒Altman analysis (BAA) (statistical agreement). Results Comparison of the updated CT and the ground‐truth postoperative CT indicated an average Hausdorff distance of 0.27 ± 0.076 mm and a 95th percentile Hausdorff distance of 0.82 ± 0.165 mm, indicating sub‐millimeter surface alignment. The DSC was 0.93 ± 0.012 with values >0.9 suggestive of excellent spatial overlap. BAA indicated modest underestimation of volume on the updated CT versus ground‐truth CT with a mean difference in volumes of 0.40 cm 3 with 95% limits of agreement of 0.04‒0.76 cm 3 indicating that all samples fell within acceptable bounds of variability. Conclusions Computer vision can enable dynamic intraoperative imaging by generating highly accurate CT updates from monocular endoscopic video without external tracking. By directly visualizing resection progress, this software‐driven tool has the potential to enhance surgical completeness in ESS for next‐generation navigation platforms.
Journals
2026 EN
Pereira Nicola M. · Wie Sarah J. · Zhao Karena
+2 more
ABSTRACT Background In the modern medical landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an increasingly common tool for the diagnosis and management of chronic pathologies. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises a significant part of the practice of otolaryngology and thus provides ample opportunity for AI optimization of diagnosis and management. Objective With increasing interest in AI, this scoping review aims to map the current landscape of AI applications in CRS, identifying trends, gaps, and future opportunities. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed in the following databases from inception—April 2024: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Studies retrieved were then screened for eligibility. The inclusion criteria included studies whose methods included the use of any form of AI for the diagnosis or management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Any studies that were non‐English language publications, publications older than 2003, studies analyzing acute rhinosinusitis, and studies involving pediatric populations were excluded. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Results 573 records were screened, with 49 studies included in the final review. The studies were qualitatively analyzed according to the type of AI used, study objectives, application of AI, training variables for AI in CRS, and AI accuracy reporting. Commonly used forms of AI included deep learning (36.7%), neural networks (24.5%), convolutional neural networks (10.2%), and random forest models (6.1%). The majority (55%) of studies were focused on applying AI to the diagnosis of CRS. The remaining studies used AI to predict prognostic outcomes in CRS (29%) and to assess patient response to treatment or inform patient treatment plans (12%). Some studies aimed to identify biomarkers or clinical variables for the diagnosis or prognosis of CRS (37%), while others used AI to subtype CRS (33%) or assess radiologic characteristics using AI (20%). CT imaging, tissue or blood eosinophil counts, clinical or demographic patient characteristics, histopathology characteristics, blood and tissue cytokines, and nasal endoscopy findings were all variables used to train the AI models. Classification metrics and regression metrics were used to assess AI model performance. Conclusions AI is a promising tool in the management of CRS, though it remains in its early stages. Current applications show significant progress in diagnosis, subtyping, and prognosticating in CRS, but there are few studies that analyze the utility of AI for surgical planning, economic evaluation, or interactive clinical tools. This review underscores the potential of AI for transforming an otolaryngologist's approach to CRS.
Journals
2026 EN
Hunter Alexandra E. · Zachem Tanner J. · Ghanem Anthony
+9 more
ABSTRACT The endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) to the skull base has revolutionized the management of ventral skull base lesions, offering superior visualization and reduced morbidity. Yet, iatrogenic cranial nerve (CN) injuries, causing temporary or permanent deficits, remain an underexplored complication that significantly affects quality of life. This systematic review describes the number of reported cases of CN injuries in EEA and the evidence on prevention and management strategies. Following PRISMA‐SR guidelines, we searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, and screened 2796 studies; 177 were included. Across 18,546 patients, 859 CN injuries were reported. The abducens (24.4%), optic (23.7%), and olfactory (18.6%) nerves were most affected, linked primarily to pituitary adenomas (34.49%) and sellar approaches (34.4%). Full recovery occurred in 38.4% of cases, while 29.9% had permanent deficits. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was reported in 34 studies, showing prognostic value but lacking definitive evidence for injury prevention. Only 5% of studies addressed postoperative management, highlighting a care gap. This review emphasizes the need for standardized reporting, enhanced monitoring, and robust postoperative strategies to optimize EEA outcomes. Future directions include prospective studies and patient‐reported outcomes to refine skull base surgery safety.