Factors Related to Moral Courage of Nursing Students in Zanjan

Background: Moral courage is an important criterion in nursing for moral care. Enormous moral challenges facing students of nursing in their clinical environment require being morally courageous. Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore factors concerning nursing students’ moral courage. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Zanjan 2018, focusing on 208 nursing students who were selected based on convenience sampling method and time series Poisson distribution. The criteria for the sampling was the students undergoing practical training for at least three semesters and were willing to take part in this study. To collect the data, the Professional Moral Courage Scale by Sekerka et al. (2009) was used. The questionnaire evaluates moral courage on five dimensions, including moral agency, multiple values, endurance of threats, going beyond compliance, and moral goals. The range of scores was 15-105. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Nursing students’ mean score of moral courage was 85±12.66, which showed a favorable level. The highest mean score was related to `Moral agency’ (85±12.66) followed by `Going beyond compliance’ (17.48±3.05) and the least mean score was related to `Moral goals’ (16.09±3.39). The findings of this study showed that `Moral courage’ was significantly higher among those with high average and among the natives (p=0.05). Conclusion: Since the mean score of moral courage increased in proportion to average and nativity, the educational officials and advisors are recommended to pay attention to keeping moral courage in a favorable level and try to raise students’ educational ability, trying to admit nursing students in their own cities.

The Effects of COMFORT Education on Nurses’ Attitude towards Communication Skills

Molecular Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease

*Corresponding Author: Sayed Mohammad Marandi, Hojjatallah Alaei E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Effects of Using Lipsticks with any Lead Content on the BRCA1 Gene Mutations

Genetically modified mice- Methods, applications and outlook

Background & Aim: Transgenic mice, of tengenerated by random integration of foreign genes into the mouse genome or by targeted mutation in a particular gene, have demonstrated to be a very effective tool for studying gene function in living things. In this review article, we discussed on the current methods of generating genetically-modified mice and their related problems and then investigated the new methods developed to overcome these problems. Finally, we discussed future prospects on the gene targeting. Methods & Materials: This is a review article, which has been written after searching Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Springer, Elsevier and Magiran databases by using keywords of transgenic mice, functional genetics, genetargeting, and homologous recombination. Results: This study dealt with genetic variations in a wide range, differential processing and inactivation of gene-specific isoforms, local and induced genetic changes, Cre/loxP system and some future perspectives. Conclusion: Success rate in genetic modification of mouse genome has increased dramatically, and use of knockout mice has resulted in increased knowledge of human biology and diseases.

Elevated white blood cell counts and risk of metabolic syndrome: a dose-response meta-analysis

Background and Aim: Elevated white blood cell count has been a known risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Cardiometabolic diseases have some risk factors in common. Therefore, we assessed the association between elevated white blood cell counts and risk of metabolic syndrome using dose-response meta-analysis method. Materials and Methods: We searched for observational studies including white blood cell counts as exposure and metabolic syndrome as outcome through international databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) up to October 2017. Multi-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted from eligible articles. Randomeffects model was used to estimate the relationship between elevated white blood cell counts and risk of metabolic syndrome. Result: After independent screening, 17 studies were selected and included in this metaanalysis. Compared with lowest quartile of white blood cell, OR for highest quartile was 2.35 (CI 1.81 to 3.05). Ten studies were included in dose-response meta-analysis and the result showed OR 1.21 (CI 1.10 to 1.34) per unit increase (1000/ml) in white blood cell counts. We did not find any evidence of publication bias using Egger’s regression (P=0.11). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggested that there might be a dose response association between higher white blood cell count as an inflammatory factor and increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Also risk of metabolic syndrome is higher in the women and individuals of older age. In order to draw causal inference propective studies using genetic factors will be necessary.

Evaluating Hetrotoxic Potential of Aqueous Extract of Datura stramonium Shoots on Germination Traits and Content of Photosynthetic Pigments of Wheat Cultivars

The effect of tamoxifen on the electrochemical behavior of Bi+3/Bi on the glassy carbon electrode and its determination via differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry

The electrochemical behavior of Bi+3 ions on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode, in acidic media and in the presence of tamoxifen, was investigated. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to find the probable mechanism contributing to the reduction of the peak height of bismuth oxidation with an increase in the concentration of tamoxifen. The obtained results show a slight interaction between the bismuth species and tamoxifen which co-deposit on the surface of glassy carbon electrode. Therefore, the reduction in the peak height of bismuth oxidation as a function of tamoxifen concentration was used to develop a new differential pulse anodic striping voltammetry method for determination of trace amount of tamoxifen. The effects of experimental parameters on the in situ DPASV of Bi+3 ions in the presence of tamoxifen shown the optimal conditions as: 2 mol L-1 H2SO4 (1% v v-1 MeOH), a deposition potential of -0.5 V, a deposition time of 60 s, and a glassy carbon electrode rotation rate of 300 rpm. The calibration curve was plotted in the range of 0.5 to 6 µg mL-1 and the limits of detection and quantitation were calculated to be 3.1 × 10-5 µg mL-1 and 1.0 × 10-4 µg mL-1, respectively. The mean, RSD, and relative bias for 0.5 µg mL-1 (n=5) were found to be 0.49 µg mL-1, 0.3%, and 2%, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was successfully used for the determination of tamoxifen in serum and pharmaceutical samples.

Export of Russian education: Challenges and prospects

The situation on the global market for educational services is characterized by growing competition between the largest traditional players and new centers, among which Russia is striving to occupy a worthy place. The purpose of this article is to show the current state and prospects for the export of Russian education; therefore, system analysis is demanded methodologically, making it possible to approach the subject of study in a comprehensive and multidimensional way. The authors concluded that increasing the attractiveness and competitiveness of Russian education in the international educational services market is an urgent need for successful implementation of the “digital breakthrough” of Russia. Keywords—education, Russia, competition, export, intellectual capital, online and offline education

Chitotriosidase-1 levels in Iraqi Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Thyroid Disorders

Study aimed to determination of chitotriosidase-1 levels in Iraqi diabetic and diabetic patients with thyroid disorder. Also, study aimed to found relation correlation for chitotriosidase-1 with FSG, T3, T4 and TSH. Ninety subjects were including in this study. First group consisted of (30) healthy individuals who have no history of any thyroid disorders or diabetes mellitus as control group. Second group (G2) (n=30) patients with diabetic and hyperthyroidism as association disease, and third group (G3) (n=30) include patients with diabetic and hypothyroidism as association disease. Serum used in (FSG, T3, T4, TSH, and Chitotriosidase-1) determination. Results showed a significant elevation in patients’ groups (G2, G3) comparing to control group in FSG. In addition to a significant elevation in G3 compared to G2. Results, also, revealed a significant elevation in T3 and T4 levels in G2 when comparing with G1 and G3. While there is significant decrease in these parameters in G3 compared to G1 and G2. Results revealed a significant decrease in G2 in TSH levels comparing to G1and G3. While there is significant increase in TSH level in G3 compared to G1 and G2. Results revealed a significant increased in Chitotriosidase-1 levels in G2 comparing to G1and G3. Results, also, showed a significant decrease in G3 comparing to G2 and a significant increase was found in G3 comparing to G1. Conclusion could be drowning from this study that chitotriosidase-1 may be helpful in monitoring and early diagnosis of thyroid disorder in these patients.