Bakanae rice disease caused by fungus Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (F. fujikuroi) and occurs in the most growing rice areas of the world. Transmission of this disease by soil and seed, so seed addressing by different material is useful to control bakanae disease. This study is focused on antifungal activity for some plant extracts i.e. Ammi visnaga (A. visnaga), Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus), Artemisia judaica (A. judai) and Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on the linear growth of F. fujikuroi. Identification of chemical compounds was done for two plant extracts A. visnaga and E. globulus by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Seeds was treatments with plant extracts with different concentrations under greenhouse condition. Changes in seedling content for enzymes such as peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after 7 and 14 days of treatments by plant extracts has been observed. Management bakanae disease under field condition by seed treatment with plant extracts. The results indicate that A. visnaga was the most effective on the linear growth with concentration 500 ppm. The obtained results from qualitative phytochemical tests for A. visnaga indicates presence of coumarins, tannins, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids and absence of phenols. E. globulus found tannins, phenols, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoid and absences of coumarins and steroids. Tannins and terpenoids were the highest quantitative phytochemical constituent determined in A. visnaga. While phenols and flavonoids were the most active phytochemical constituents determined in E. globulus. The chemical constituents for GC-MS analysis of A. visnaga were benzene methyl, khellin, visnagin and vitamin E. While, E. globulus has eucalyptol, terpinen, ellagic acid and gallic acid. Under greenhouse condition, A. visnaga was the most effective in reducing the number of death and number of infected seedling, increasing the germination % at different concentrations compared with other treatments. POX, PPO and H2O2 were induced in inoculated seedling compared with the un-inoculated seedling. Seed treatments with A. visnaga and E. globulus produced the highest enzymes increase and decreased H2O2 content in seedling. Under field condition, there are no significant difference between A. visnaga and Rhizolex-T 50% as seed treatment in reduction of disease incidence or disease severity of bakanae in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Grain yield was increased in treated plant with A. visnaga and Rhizolex-T 50% in both seasons.
The current study investigates the possablities to improve irrigation water productivity of tomato crop, as one of the most important vegetable crops in Egypt, by applying different deficit irrigation scheme . Field experiment was carried out at the Vegatable Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture- Ain Shams University, througthout two seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017, on tomato crop under drip irrigation system. Five irrigation treatments, included: (i) 100% ETc [T100], (ii) Application of deficit irrigation level 80% ETc at all crop growing stages [TC80], (iii) Application of deficit irrigation level 80% ETc at initial and maturity crop stages only [TS80], (iv) Application of deficit irrigation level 60% ETc at all crop growing stages [TC60], (v) Application of deficit irrigation level 60% ETc at initial and maturity crop stages only [TS60]. The results showed that, among the investigated deficit irrigation schemes, applying diffecit irrigation schemes of 80% ETc could reduce the amount of the irrigation water by 20% when it was applied at all crop growing stages, coupled with a yield reduction of about 17%, and a slight increase in water productivity [WP] (dividing dry matter of the yield to the ETc) by about 2%. Whereas the same deficit level could save about 16% of the applied water when it was applied only at initial and maturity growth stages, and decreased the crop yield by 5%, which gave the highest WP of 2.15 kg/m3, compared to the other investigated irrigation treatments. Regarding the AquaCrop model simulation, the results showed that, considering good calibration process, AquaCrop model revealed a very good performance in simulating the tomato crop biomass, and yield. This could encourage addressing AquaCrop model as a good tool that can be used with a high degree of reliability in practical management, strategic planning of irrigation, and water limited conditions in Egypt.