P-Gram: Positional N-Gram for the Clustering of Machine-Generated Messages

An IT system generates messages for other systems or users to consume, through direct interaction or as system logs. Automatically identifying the types of these machine-generated messages has many applications, such as intrusion detection and system behavior discovery. Among various heuristic methods for automatically identifying message types, the clustering methods based on keyword extraction have been quite effective. However, these methods still suffer from keyword misidentification problems, i.e., some keyword occurrences are wrongly identified as payload and some strings in the payload are wrongly identified as keyword occurrences, leading to the misidentification of the message types. In this paper, we propose a new machine language processing (MLP) approach, called ${P}$ -gram, specifically designed for identifying keywords in, and subsequently clustering, machine-generated messages. First, we introduce a novel concept and technique, positional ${n}$ -gram, for message keywords extraction. By associating the position as meta-data with each ${n}$ -gram, we can more accurately discern which ${n}$ -grams are keywords of a message and which ${n}$ -grams are parts of the payload information. Then, the positional keywords are used as features to cluster the messages, and an entropy-based positional weighting method is devised to measure the importance or weight of the positional keywords to each message. Finally, a general centroid clustering method, ${K}$ -Medoids, is used to leverage the importance of the keywords and cluster messages into groups reflecting their types. We evaluate our method on a range of machine-generated (text and binary) messages from the real-world systems and show that our method achieves higher accuracy than the current state-of-the-art tools.

CMT 2019 TOC

An Ultra-Efficient Memristor-Based DNN Framework with Structured Weight Pruning and Quantization Using ADMM

Byzantine-Tolerant Inference in Distributed Deep Intelligent System: Challenges and Opportunities

Deep Learning-Based Proarrhythmia Analysis Using Field Potentials Recorded From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Cardiomyocytes

Author Index

Occurrence and Safety Evaluation of Ochratoxin A in Cereal‐based Baby Foods Collected from Iranian Retail Market

Contamination of agricultural commodities with ochratoxin A (OTA) is a worldwide concern in recent decades. Consumption of OTA‐contaminated baby foods exerts health implications especially in children as the most vulnerable subpopulations. In the current study, for the first time in Iran, 64 baby foods (rice, wheat, and multigrain) samples from five different brands available in the Iranian market were analyzed to determine OTA level, using a HPLC with fluorescence detector. Overall, OTA was observed in 41% of analyzed samples with a mean and maximum level of 0.42 ± 0.27 and 1.1 μg/kg, respectively. OTA levels in five of 64 samples (7.8 %) were higher than the permissible limit recommended by European Commission (permissible limit: 0.5 μg/kg) and OTA levels in two of 64 samples (3.1%) were higher than the standard set by Iranian standard organization (1 μg/kg). The highest OTA contamination was observed in rice‐based baby food cereals (1.1 μg/kg; 57% of the samples), followed by wheat‐based (23%) and multigrain (20%) samples. OTA intake in infants (≥9 months old) was more than established provisional tolerable weekly intake by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (100 and 120 ng OTA per kg of body weight, respectively). OTA content in baby food and cereals, as well as other raw foodstuff should be investigated comprehensively to reduce the exposure rate of young children to OTA.

Care quality for rheumatoid arthritis patients in Quebec

Aim The aims of this study were to: (a) measure the proportion of CARTaGENE rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients fulfilling pre‐specified quality indicators (ie disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug [DMARD] use, regular follow up, use of folate supplementation, use of vitamin D and calcium, exercise and smoking status); and (b) examine variation in DMARD use with respect to patient age, sex, education and income. Methods A cohort of RA patients was constructed based on the CARTaGENE survey and health administrative database. CARTaGENE is a large, established, population‐based study which recruited 19 995 participants from four metropolitan regions in Quebec. Six quality indicators (QI) were assessed; four pertained to RA management and treatment received (use of DMARD therapy, annual medical visits, use of folate supplementation with methotrexate therapy, and use of calcium and vitamin D in steroid‐exposed patients) and two pertained to lifestyle factors (physical activity and smoking cessation). QI were reported in terms of proportion of patients fulfilling them. Bayesian logistic regression analyses were preformed to investigate potential variation with DMARD use. Results Our cohort included 142 RA patients. The QI that pertain to RA pharmacotherapy and medical management ranged 60‐80%. Regarding the QI focusing on lifestyle factors, 55% of patients reported performing moderate physical activity and only 16.6% reported current smoking. Results from the Bayesian logistic regression showed no definite associations between DMARD use and patient characteristics (age, education, income and sex). Conclusion Our findings suggest a seemingly modest performance of Quebec's health‐care system for RA patients, with respect to these QI.

Transscleral sutureless intraocular lens versus retropupillary iris‐claw lens fixation for paediatric aphakia without capsular support: a randomized study

Purpose To compare results of sutureless transscleral intraocular lens ( IOL ) fixation to retropupillary iris‐claw lens implantation in cases of paediatric aphakia without capsular support. Methods Thirty eyes of children with insufficient capsular support for IOL implantation were randomized to undergo sutureless transscleral IOL fixation or iris‐claw lens fixation. The primary outcome was best‐corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ). Secondary outcomes included operative time, astigmatism, central corneal thickness, endothelial cell count ( ECC ), IOL decentration and tilt, central foveal thickness and complications. Results There was a significant improvement in BCVA at all follow‐up visits, with no significant difference between both groups. 53.3% in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group and 80% in the iris‐claw IOL group had a final BCVA ≥0.3. The operative time was significantly shorter in the iris‐claw IOL group (p = 0.001). IOL decentration and tilt were higher in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group , but the difference was not significant. The ECC was reduced by 14.6% in the transscleral‐fixated IOL group and 11% in the iris‐claw group at 6 months, with no significant difference between both groups (p = 0.5). In the transscleral‐fixated IOL group , two eyes developed ocular hypertension and two eyes had IOL decentration, while in the iris‐claw IOL group , 1 eye developed glaucoma, three eyes had haptic disenclavation, and one eye had retinal detachment. Conclusion Both techniques yielded a comparable visual outcome. Retropupillary iris‐claw lens fixation is a shorter procedure and technically easier than sutureless transscleral fixation, but the risk of disenclavation should be considered especially in younger age groups. Scleral fixation is the only option in case of severe iris damage, but may be associated with more endothelial cell loss.

Growth performance, immune response and disease resistance of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fed Thymus vulgaris essential oils

Efficacy of Thymus vulgaris essential oils was assessed on growth, immune response and disease resistance of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Fish weighing 10 g were fed with dietary supplemented of the oils at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ml/kg feed for 2 months. Fish fed with the oils at 0.5 ml/kg feed demonstrated a better weight gain and specific growth rate, compared to other treatments ( p  < .05). Fish fed with 1.0 ml the oils showed the highest up‐regulation of complement component 3 (C3) and (cluster of differentiation 4) (CD4) genes expression ( p  < .05), while lysozyme gene expression level significantly increased in fish fed with 2.0 ml of the oils. In addition, at the end of the experiment, the expression of C3 and CD4 genes were significantly up‐regulated in fish fed with 1.0 and 2.0 ml of the oils, while IL‐1ß and lysozyme genes expression levels were significantly decreased in fish fed 2.0 ml oils, towards the end of the trial ( p  < .05). There was a fluctuation in the levels of Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase in all treatments during the experiment. When treated fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila , the highest survival rate was observed in 0.5 ml/kg treatment, followed by 2 and 1 mg/kg treatments. Overall, these findings demonstrated that dietary administration of T. vulgaris oils especially at 0.5 mg/kg feed can be considered as a potential component for enhancing of the growth, immune responses and disease resistance of trout against motile Aeromonas septicemia caused by A. hydrophila .