Journals
2011 EN
Go Tani
O objetivo do artigo foi discutir a Educação Física e o Esporte no contexto da universidade, isto é, como áreas de conhecimento. Procurou-se, inicialmente, descrever a missão e a função da universidade, identificando alguns desafios para o seu desempenho. A seguir a Educação Física e o Esporte foram abordados quanto ao seu processo histórico de estruturação como áreas de conhecimento. Apesar dos avanços observados, concluiu-se que uma melhor definição das suas identidades acadêmicas constitui-se um problema a ser ainda solucionado. The objective of this article was to discuss Physical Education and Sport as fields of knowledge in the university context. Initially, the mission and the role of the university were described, and as a result some challenges to accomplish them were identified. Next, the historical structuring process of Physical Education and Sport as fields of knowledge was discussed. It was concluded that, despite observed advancement a better definition of their academic identities constitutes a problem still to be solved
School of Physical Education and Sports - USP
Journals
2011 EN
Estela Azeka · Felipe Fregni · José Otávio Costa Auler Júnior
Clinical trials have been fundamental in fostering the development of novel treatments in medicine and for understanding disease mechanisms. One important issue in this field is how they continue to change over time. For example, a recent study analyzing clinical trials in psychiatry over the past 60 years showed substantial changes in the use of statistical methods in the reporting of abstracts and results, as well as increased use in recent trials of informed consent, washout periods, the intention-to-treat approach and parametric tests.1 Many of these changes have been shaped by historical events. For example, the development of ethical guidelines has been marked by three milestones: the Nuremberg Code2 made voluntary consent mandatory for clinical research; the Declaration of Helsinki3 codified the ethical principles for human experimental research and the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study2 led to the Belmont Report, which increased protection for human research subjects and defined informed consent in different research settings. Another important historical event that has shaped clinical research is the issue of adverse effects associated with novel interventions. One of the landmark examples is the use of thalidomide, which resulted in unexpected harm to the fetus. Here, the development of study phases (phases I, II, III and IV) and additional pre-clinical studies has greatly increased the safety of new drugs and devices. Regulatory changes have also been important in increasing the safety of clinical trials. A heated debate is currently taking place on the use of placebos and the further development of non-inferiority trials. At the same time, some scientists claim that ethics committees are becoming overly bureaucratic and not fulfilling their mission well.4 Options for balancing the prevention of unethical behavior with the promotion of research include decreasing the length of research proposals and informed consent forms, and giving different review processes according to the risk of the intervention and the benefits to patients. Clinical trial reporting has also been constantly developing to increase transparency in clinical research. One example is the database registry clinicaltrials.gov,5 which has had a significant impact on clinical research. This is also the case for the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT),6 an important effort to improve transparency in reporting randomized controlled trials so that readers can better understand a study's design, methodology and the validity of its results.7 Globalization is also having important effects on the conduct of clinical research. Brunoni and Fregni1 found that more multicenter trials are being conducted. Glickman et al.,8 who discuss the economic benefits of globalization, found that clinical trials increasingly occur on a global scale and claim that one-third of trials are now being conducted in developing countries,9 as pharmaceutical and medical device companies have embraced globalization.8 This clearly raises numerous ethical concerns, including the testing of drugs for wealthy populations in human subjects of developing countries, the exacerbation of economic disparities and exploitation of low-income workers in developing countries, and their exposure to potentially dangerous drugs that could not be approved for testing in developed countries. With this rapidly changing environment and increasingly complex system, the training of clinical researchers becomes ever more critical. One of the topics in clinical research that needs to be addressed is the increasing number of studies that use complex statistical analyses which can be difficult for readers to interpret.10 Standard clinical research training requires students to be present on site, but this prevents some from participating owing to limited time and funds. One of the more innovative models of training programs for clinical researchers uses the principle of collaborative learning,11 in which participants build and learn by discussing the concepts and ethics of clinical research in a course forum that blends live lectures (via video-conference) with online discussion and small-group work with highly trained teaching assistants. One final issue is that with the increasing complexity of biomedical research, translational research has also become more complex. The immediate consequence is that discoveries at the laboratory bench may not be translated into full clinical trials to validate them.12 The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) is aware of this problem and has created “the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium” to link institutions in an attempt to catalyze translational research.13 However, researchers need to be engaged in order for the program to succeed. In conclusion, the often painful lessons from the past have made clinical trials safer and contributed to development of novel treatments. However, in the era of globalization, new ethical challenges arise as does the need for training programs to promote the development of discoveries in medicine.
Journals
2011 EN
Rosemary Sadami Arai Shinkai · Altair Antoninha Del Bel Cury · José Antônio Poli de Figueiredo
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) would like to thank their readers, authors, reviewers, members of the editorial board, administrative staff and library assistants, Edipucrs, Supernova type-setting and Epece press, American Journal Experts, the staff of the indexing services and publishing organizations – all the people that made history with us and continue to work to follow our mission. In particular, we acknowledge Dr. Telmo Berthold, first editor-in-chief of the
Editora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (EDIPUCRS)
Journals
2011 SP
Carlos Mena Frau · Leonardo Molina Pino · Yony Ormazábal
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Los Modelos Digitales de Elevacion (MDE) son productos geomaticos esenciales en el estudio, manejo y administracion del territorio. Su uso, asi como la disponibilidad de datos de alta resolucion, ha ido en crecimiento sostenido en las ultimas decadas, permitiendo diversos y variados analisis cuyos resultados permiten cualificar y cuantificar los caracteristicas propias del terreno. No obstante la disponibilidad creciente de datos de elevacion, existen ocasiones donde estudios del territorio requieren el uso de modelos digitales de terreno con resolucion espacial mas gruesa que la resolucion de los datos disponibles. La evaluacion de un metodo de generalizacion de MDE que considera la retencion de puntos criticos del terreno es abordado en el presente documento. Este metodo es comparado con otro metodo que considera solamente una interpolacion bilineal aplicada al cambio de resolucion del MDE. En la evaluacion son utilizados datos del proyecto SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) para una zona de 111 km por 91 km aproximadamente, en la Region del Maule, Chile. Los resultados evidencian que el metodo de generalizacion condicionada por puntos criticos presenta mejor desempeno al preservar la posicion espacial de los rasgos evaluados dentro de la escala del MDE generalizado.
Universidade Federal do Paraná
Journals
2011 EN
Pablo Maricevich · EDUARDO TOSHIRO TODA NISHIMURA · Ralf Berger
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Fernando de Noronha é um arquipélago formado por 21 ilhas, ocupando uma área de 26 km². Na área da Saúde, o arquipélago possui o Hospital São Lucas, um Posto de Saúde vinculado ao Programa de Saúde da Família e um SAMU. A I Semana da Cirurgia Plástica do Instituto Ivo Pitanguy em Fernando de Noronha representou a expansão do trabalho feito na 38ª Enfermaria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia para lugares carentes da especialidade. A II Semana foi a continuidade natural deste projeto. O objetivo foi oferecer à população atendimento em cirurgia plástica com consultas, cirurgias e palestra, com o foco na prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer de pele, visto que a população local apresenta grande risco para esta doença. A equipe da primeira Missão contou com a participação de dois instrutores e seis residentes do Instituto Ivo Pitanguy, além de uma dermatologista convidada. Já na segunda Missão, houve a participação de um instrutor do Hospital Oswaldo Cruz (SUS-PE). Todos os casos foram documentados e fotografados. Somando-se a primeira e a segunda Missão, foram realizados 280 atendimentos, sendo 93 consultas sem indicação de tratamento cirúrgico e 187 pacientes operados. Do ponto de vista de Saúde Pública, a I e a II Semana da Cirurgia Plástica do Instituto Ivo Pitanguy representaram uma economia significativa para o Estado de Pernambuco. Além disso, este projeto trouxe uma inestimável experiência de vida a todos aqueles que formaram estas equipes. A possibilidade de ajudar à população com as nossas habilidades e conhecimentos só nos orgulha e enaltece ainda mais a tradição de nossa escola. Fernando de Noronha is an archipelago formed by 21 islands and has an area of 26 square km². The main island contains the public hospital São Lucas, a Health Care Center and a SAMU (Mobile Emergency Care Service). The I Week of Plastic Surgery of the Ivo Pitanguy Institute expanded the work performed at the 38th Infirmary of the Holy House of Rio de Janeiro to areas with lack of Plastic Surgery Services. The second mission was the natural continuation of the project. The objective of the project was to offer specialized care in Plastic Surgery with consultation, surgeries, and an educative class, focused in the prevention, diagnostic and treatment of skin cancer to the population, due to its susceptibility to the disease. The first team had two instructors, six residents of the Ivo Pitanguy Institute and a dermatologist. The second mission had an instructor from other service (Oswaldo Cruz Hospital), from the State of Pernambuco. All cases were logged and photographed. The two missions performed 280 consultations, being 93 without the need of surgery and 187 surgeries. The Missions enabled a significant economy to the State of Pernambuco. Beyond it, the missions brought a great life experience for those who performed then. The possibility to help people with our skills and knowledge make us very proud and ennoble the tradition of our school
Journals
2011 EN
Zineh Issam · Pacanowski Michael A.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic variations influence responses to drugs, diagnostics, or biologic agents. The field of pharmacogenomics has significant potential to enhance drug development and aid in making regulatory decisions. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has supported pharmacogenomics for nearly a decade by providing regulatory advice and reviewing applications, with the intent of discovering and applying genetic determinants of treatment effects. The FDA will continue to develop policies and processes centered on genomics and individualized therapeutics to guide rational drug development. It will also continue to inform the public of clinically relevant pharmacogenomic issues through various mechanisms of communication, such as drug labeling. In this review, we provide a perspective on several pharmacogenomic activities at the FDA. In addition, we attempt to clarify what we believe are several misperceptions regarding the FDA's pharmacogenomic initiatives. We hope this perspective provides a window into some ways in which the FDA is enabling individualized therapeutics through its mission‐critical activities.
Book Series
2011 EN
Luigi Giovine · Robert Krech · Kremena M. Ionkova
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A key driver of Liberia's re-emergence from utter destruction, between 2004 and 2008, was the willingness of international actors to accept the responsibility and risks associated with stabilization. This was accomplished by confronting these risks directly, even at the cost of temporarily filling institutional voids and sharing sovereignty with the Liberian transitional authorities. The main international diplomatic representations and aid agencies on the ground came to accept from their varying perspectives that peace in Liberia was fragile and that the Accra Comprehensive Peace Agreement (ACPA) of September 2003 was only the beginning of a protracted stabilization effort. The domestic market for consultants and goods did not exist, requiring the World Bank to innovate with new modes of delivering assistance. Thus, peace consolidation compelled international partners to simultaneously (i) prevent full state capture by corrupt elites in advance of elections and (ii) secure a peace dividend to vulnerable groups which could most directly threaten peace (young ex-combatants and refugees). Building on a solid UN-World Bank partnership, the international community found the internal consensus to address each of the two complementary peace consolidation challenges, adopting two highly innovative instruments: (i) an anti-corruption scheme labeled Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program (GEMAP), involving such robust measures as expatriate co-signing authority, and (ii) a short-term employment-generation scheme now known as roads-with- United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), centered on a rare direct collaboration between the Bank and the engineering units of the UN's military peacekeeping force on the ground. This paper examines these two instruments more closely, in their successes and failures as well as from the perspective of temporary shared sovereignty and co-production.
Book Series
2011 EN
William Leslie Dorotinsky
Thailand has been pursuing the implementation of results based management techniques in the public sector for over a decade. Leading this task is the Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC) which has been supporting various agencies and departments in undertaking a wide variety of results based management reforms, including key performance indicators, balanced scorecards, and individual performance bonuses, among others. This report summarizes the results of a two week fact finding mission and a one day workshop conducted by the Office of the Public Sector Development Commission (OPDC) of the Prime Minister's office in collaboration with the World Bank's Public Sector Performance Global Expert Team (PSP-GET) held on September 24, 2010 in Bangkok, Thailand. This report covers the main areas to consider in implementing a results based management system. The report provides an overview of Thailand's Results Based Management (RBM) system, with an emphasis on lessons from international experience in leveraging performance information to deliver results. Chapters on how to link performance with planning and budgeting, as well as an overview of incentives to improve performance are included. Each chapter is loosely structured in the following way: issues identified during discussions; relevant lessons from international experiences; and overall recommendations and findings of the PSP-GET.
Journals
2011 EN
Michelle D. Garner
Social workers are bound by the mission, values, and ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Yet a broad, transtheoretical model accounting for these core principles and guiding identification of clinically and ethically sound daily praxis decisions is lacking in the field's literature and practice wisdom. Such a model could aid in assuring dependably sound social worker actions; socialization of colleagues; clearer guidelines for teaching, supervision, and ethical review of peers; and accreditation of educational programs. The Social Work Integral Model (SWIM) emerged from field practice and scholarship for instructional use and addresses this conceptual gap. Further, congruence of the SWIM with Ken Wilber's model of Integral Science suggests SWIM is a theoretical, as well as a practical, advance for the field.
Journals
2011 EN
Chun Andy Hon Wai
A common problem for companies with strong business growth is that it is hard to find enough experienced staff to support expansion needs. This problem is particularly pronounced for operations planners and controllers, who must be very highly knowledgeable and experienced with the business domain. This article is a case study of how one of the largest travel agencies in Hong Kong alleviated this problem by using AI to support decision making and problem solving so that its planners and controllers can work more effectively and efficiently to sustain business growth while maintaining consistent quality of service. AI is used in a mission‐critical feet management system (FMS) that supports the scheduling and management of a feet of luxury limousines for business travelers. The AI problem was modeled as a constraint‐satisfaction problem (CSP). The use of AI enabled the travel agency to sign up additional hotel partners, handle more orders, and expand its feet with its existing team of planners and controllers. Using modern web 2.0 architecture and proven AI technology, the agency was able to achieve low‐risk implementation and deployment success with concrete and measurable business benefits.
Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence