Journals
2011 EN
Janice Freitas Leivas · Gustavo Guterres Ribeiro · Ivan Saraiva
+3 more
O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o modelo de previsão numérica do tempo BRAMS (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modelling System), a partir da comparação entre os valores preditos e os observados (dados do NCEP/NOAA (National Centers of Environmental Predictions/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) e do satélite TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)). O modelo foi assimilado com dados do modelo global do NCEP/NOAA e do CPTEC/INPE. Foram realizadas comparações entre os valores preditos e os observados através da raiz do erro quadrático médio (RMSE) e do erro médio (ME) para os prognósticos de precipitação para os horizontes de 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas, do período de novembro de 2008 a março de 2009. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo BRAMS teve uma performance melhor quando assimilado com dados do modelo global do NCEP/NOAA comparado com as saídas a partir das assimilações do modelo global do CPTEC/INPE. The objective of this study is to evaluate the model of numerical forecast BRAMS (Brazilian Regional Atmospheric Modelling System) from the comparison between the forecast and observed rainfall (data of NCEP/NOAA (National Centers of Environmental Predictions/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and of TRMM satellite (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)). The model used the initial conditions of global model of NCEP/NOAA e do CPTEC/INPE. Comparisons between predicted values and observed through were the root medium square error (RMSE) and of medium error (ME) for the forecast of rainfall of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, of the period November of 2008 to March of 2009. The results showed that the BRAMS model had better performance when treated with global model data from NCEP / NOAA compared with the outputs from the assimilation of the global model of CPTEC / INPE
National Institute of Amazonian Research
Journals
2011 EN
Flávio Guilherme Vaz de Almeida Filho · Stéphane Calmant · F. Seyler
+4 more
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission is dedicated to measuring temporal variations of the Earth's gravity field. In this study, the Stokes coefficients made available by Groupe de Recherche en Géodésie Spatiale (GRGS) at a 10-day interval were converted into equivalent water height (EWH) for a ~4-year period in the Amazon basin (from July-2002 to May-2006). The seasonal amplitudes of EWH signal are the largest on the surface of Earth and reach ~ 1250mm at that basin's center. Error budget represents ~130 mm of EWH, including formal errors on Stokes coefficient, leakage errors (12 ~ 21 mm) and spectrum truncation (10 ~ 15 mm). Comparison between in situ river level time series measured at 233 ground-based hydrometric stations (HS) in the Amazon basin and vertically-integrated EWH derived from GRACE is carried out in this paper. Although EWH and HS measure different water bodies, in most of the cases a high correlation (up to ~80%) is detected between the HS series and EWH series at the same site. This correlation allows adjusting linear relationships between in situ and GRACE-based series for the major tributaries of the Amazon river. The regression coefficients decrease from up to down stream along the rivers reaching the theoretical value 1 at the Amazon's mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. The variation of the regression coefficients versus the distance from estuary is analysed for the largest rivers in the basin. In a second step, a classification of the proportionality between in situ and GRACE time-series is proposed
National Institute of Amazonian Research
Journals
2011 SP
Agustín M. Abba · Guillermo H. Cassini · Fernando Carlos Galliari
En este trabajo se presentan nuevos aportes sobre la historia natural de la mulita pampeana Dasypus hybridus (Desmarest, 1804) (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Dasypodidae). Los estudios de campo fueron llevados a cabo en 100 ha de cuatro establecimientos agropecuarios de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Durante tres años se realizó un muestreo estacional de armadillos por captura y liberación. Se obtuvieron datos de hábitos alimentarios, uso del espacio y del tiempo, comportamiento, termorregulación, datos poblacionales y morfológicos. Se realizaron 71 capturas. En la dieta el ítem principal registrado fue material vegetal, seguido por hormigas e insectos coleópteros; no se observó una diferencia estacional en los hábitos alimentarios. La actividad de las mulitas se concentra durante el día, existió una baja en la frecuencia de observación durante las estaciones frías (otoño e invierno). La mulita pampeana prefiere suelos húmicos, terrenos altos y pastizales densos y altos; asimismo seleccionan los montes para refugiarse. Son individuos asociales. La temperatura rectal mostró correlaciones positivas con la temperatura ambiente. La proporción de sexos fue cercana a uno y no se observó dimorfismo sexual. Los resultados obtenidos concuerdan parcialmente con lo observado para otras especies del género, destacando las tendencias observadas en los hábitos alimentarios y en la estrategia termorregulatoria. Este trabajo representa un aporte en varios aspectos de una especie poco estudiada en una zona bajo importantes presiones de uso y modificación de hábitat
Fundación Zoobotánica de Rio Grande do Sul
Journals
2011 PO
Carina Cassini · Rafael Linden
CONTEXTO: A exposição pré-natal ao etanol pode produzir diversos efeitos adversos no desenvolvimento fetal denominados doença espectral do alcoolismo fetal (DEAF). A detecção precoce de exposição ao etanol permite que medidas preventivas sejam tomadas para minimizar os efeitos adversos da exposição. OBJETIVOS: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo revisar os principais efeitos tóxicos do etanol no neonato e os biomarcadores de exposição ao álcool. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica na base de dados PubMed utilizando os descritores "effects maternal ethanol exposure" e "biomarkers ethanol prenatal exposure", além de referências cruzadas dos artigos selecionados. RESULTADOS: Diversos efeitos adversos no desenvolvimento fetal têm sido descritos, especialmente os prejuízos no sistema nervoso central. Os biomarcadores de exposição mais citados na literatura são os etil ésteres de ácidos graxos (EEAG), etil glicuronídeo (EtG) e etil sulfato (EtS) utilizando mecônio e cabelo como matriz biológica. CONCLUSÃO: A detecção precoce de exposição ao álcool na vida intrauterina pode ser realizada e é um instrumento para prevenir efeitos secundários, porque possibilita a intervenção farmacológica e educacional na criança com DEAF
Journals
2011 EN
Jauro Collaço
The 38 Brazilian Congress of Cardiovascular Sur gery, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from March 31 to April 2, 2011, and its Symposia, in particular Biotronik, held on April 1, 2011, reminded me the metaphor attributed to Einstein: “‘If you put a frog in a pot with water and the temperature is increasing slowly , the frog does not notice, it will get used and will die. But if you put the frog into a pan of hot water , he immediately realizes the shock and bounce off”. I believe that we, cardiovascular surgeons, we were in the first pot, wake up and gradually started to jump out when we felt the heat of the second pot. After moment of introspection, I came upon a latent need to write what follows. All domestic and foreign speakers, without exception, made exciting presentations. I take the liberty to make mention of some of these notables, as well as to present my opinion on the matters contained in the official program. Full Professor Domingo Marcolino Braile, from São José do Rio Preto, spoke on the sur geon’s journey, since the days of the barber-surgeon to become a cardiovascular surgeon, returning to the writing of Arthur C. Clarke, adapted for the classic film by S tanley Kubrick’ s “2001: A Space Odyssey”, what we were, who we are and what we think will be translated by one tibia thrown into space by a primitive primate, transformed into a space station , from where we went to a source of research represented by the enigmatic futuristic pyrolytic monument. The foreign guests brought back, with minor changes, the lectures from European and American Congress of 2010 and the Royal Society in November 2010 in London. I understand that although the media have evolved rapidly in recent years and the World Wide Web (Internet) has become indispensable as a channel of information, the physical presence of the speaker is still essential for the interaction between experts. Perhaps in the near future, tele or video conferencing will evolve and could replace physical meetings. This is extremely important because the fees, rates and materials paid for by SUS Unified Health System and the majority of agreements do not allow all members of a surgical team to participate in an international congress, whether it be here in Brazil or abroad. The presentations in Porto Alegre showed the participants what the world thinks about our specialty and that takes time to make sure that the results are reliable. The Heart Team has existed for many years, because in the 60’ s when I got involved with cardiac sur gery and went to the Clinics Hospital in São Paulo, all patients with heart disease, one suspects that the surgery could help, underwent a daily medical-surgical discuss, under the aegis of Full Professor EJ Zerbini, and on Wednesdays, with the presence of Professor . Alípio Correa Neto. The English term is more recent, from the early 2000s, and gained momentum when the SYNTAX trial began to be formulated and was summarized to the clinical and interventional cardiologistsurgeon. In the wake of these events, cardiovascular surgery teams started to participate in the Heart Teams for electrical treatment of heart disease, heart failure, valvular and vascular stents. The frog felt the warmth of the water . The meeting of medical and surgical specialists to decide the best treatment in the light of current knowledge, is mandatory . However , each must have the detachment to accept the national and international guidelines and more recent, like many of medical, clinical, surgical and interventional cardiologists, are physician-dependent, not everyone has the ability to perform a particular procedure, as well as follow the progress of their patients. The cardiologists persists in its mission to respond, diagnose, indicate the best treatment in conjunction with the Heart Team and also keep the patient under their observation to feel that it is progressing satisfactorily as decided. Therefore, the application of trials, as COURAGE, MASS II, BARI 2D and SYNTAX, among others, should really be considered with extreme caution by the experts responsible for the area, checking those who have more competence. Full Professor Pieter Kappetein, Rotterdam, Holland, presented again its statement of November 2010 at the Royal Society in London in Valve Technology Symposium, or that is, the idea of SYNT AXLIKE for TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation), a fact which I considered splendid because he is a surgeon who represents the future of our specialty , because he is aware of what is happening in the East and West European countries with smaller or larger economic conditions similar to those of South America. The idea is valid for any percutaneous or similar procedures in the heart, great vessels, supra-aortic or peripheral arteries. Full Professor David Taggart, Oxford, UK, has warned
Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery
Journals
2011 EN
Djuan Bracey
O presente artigo examina as motivações que o Brasil tem para contribuir para as missões de manutenção da paz (peacekeeping) das Nações Unidas no Timor Leste e no Haiti. O Brasil procura prestígio e aspira ganhar influência pelos métodos pragmáticos da sua política exterior. Na opinião do autor, as contribuições são vantajosas para o país porque o custo é baixo e porque permitem treinamento militar, visibilidade global e uma extensão política e econômica da influência brasileira. The following article examines Brazil's motivations for contributing to peacekeeping missions. The work focuses on its participation in East-Timor and its leadership of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti. Brazil seeks prestige and hopes to gain influence through the pragmatic mechanisms of its foreign policy. The author believes the contributions are advantageous for the country, given the low cost of the missions, along with the receipt of military training, global visibility and an extension of Brazil's political and economic influence
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
Journals
2011 EN
Sílvio Tucci · Carlos A. Molina · Marcelo Ferreira Cassini
+3 more
To develop an experimental model of infravesical urinary obstruction in female rats.
Sociedade Brasileira Para o Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa em Cirurgia
Journals
2011 SP
Margarita Quintero López
O artigo trata da importância da educação para qualquer nação, e para Cuba em particular, com seus fundamentos políticos, pedagógicos e sociológicos, e mostra seu comportamento nos últimos 50 anos. Para isso, são expostos os princípios que sustentam a política educativa do Estado cubano, que dão base ao Sistema Nacional de Educação (SNE), como instrumento para levar adiante a obra educativa do país. Oferece, também, uma caracterização de cada um dos subsistemas que o integram para garantir o cumprimento dos objetivos principais da educação: formar as novas gerações e todo o povo na concepção científica do mundo; desenvolver em toda sua plenitude as capacidades intelectuais, físicas e espirituais; fomentar elevados sentimentos e gostos estéticos; e converter os princípios ideológicos, políticos e morais comunistas em convicções pessoais e hábitos de conduta diária, com a participação da escola, da família e de toda a sociedade. O artigo apresenta, também, as transformações que atualmente se levam adiante no Ministério da Educação com a participação de seus diretores, docentes, estudantes e demais agentes sociais, para continuar trabalhando na elevação da qualidade de seus resultados. Se argumenta la importancia de la educación para cualquier nación y para Cuba en particular, con sus fundamentos políticos, pedagógicos y sociológicos y se muestra su comportamiento en los últimos 50 años. Se exponen los principios que sustentan la política educacional del Estado cubano, que dan base al Sistema Nacional de Educación (SNE), como instrumento para llevar adelante la obra educacional del país. Se ofrece una caracterización de cada uno de los subsistemas que lo integran para garantizar el cumplimiento del objetivo principal de la educación: formar a las nuevas generaciones y a todo el pueblo en la concepción científica del mundo, desarrollar en toda su plenitud las capacidades intelectuales, físicas y espirituales, fomentar elevados sentimientos y gustos estéticos y convertir los principios ideo políticos y morales comunistas en convicciones personales y hábitos de conducta diaria, con la participación de la escuela, la familia y toda la sociedad. Se presentan también las transformaciones que actualmente se llevan a cabo en el Ministerio de Educación con la participación de sus directivos, docentes, estudiantes y demás agentes sociales, para continuar trabajando en la elevación de la calidad de sus resultados. This article discusses the importance of education for any nation and for Cuba in particular, examining its political, pedagogical and sociological foundations, and portraying its accomplishments over the last 50 years. The principles underlying the educational policy of the Cuban government are explained, as they underpin the mission of the National Education System (NES) to carry forward educational work in the country. The essay also depicts each of the subsystems that comprise the NES and ensure the fulfillment of the key educational goals: to educate the new generations and the people as a whole in a scientific conception of the world; to develop fully their intellectual, physical and spiritual skills; to promote high aesthetic tastes and feelings; and to convert communist ideological, political and moral principles into personal convictions and daily habits of conduct, with the participation of school, family and society as a whole. The essay also presents the changes that are currently being made in the Ministry of Education with the participation of administrators, principals, teachers, students and other social agents, to continuously raise the quality of its results
Journals
2011 EN
Sioban Nelson
In the nineteenth century thousands of European women felt called by God to care for the sick. In the nursing orders of sisterhoods that proliferated at this time women accomplished remarkable things in the name of God: they travelled the world establishing communities of immigrant and local women, they built and ran large hospitals, and even networks of hospitals, and they built schools, orphanages and other important social institutions for the poor. At times these women functioned with a great deal of autonomy, far away from bishops or other authority figures in the Church. At other times they were in direct conflict with the men of the Church as the sisters attempted to follow what they believed to be their mission on earth. These women were not just meek and humble nurses devoted to God, but dynamic builders, creating social institutions and health care in alliances with municipal, state or federal governments. Often they made partnerships that the Catholic Church was not happy about, allying with Jewish or Protestant community leaders to get hospitals built and to provide care for the poor. At the same time they typically ran very good private hospitals in order to make money to support their work among the poor. In other words they were formidable capable women who transformed their communities – yet despite their accomplishments they remained invisible to everyone around them and their achievements are little appreciated today. One of the central themes of my book, ‘Say Little Do Much’: Nurses, nuns and hospitals in the nineteenth century (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), was that because they were women, and because the Church was concerned to contain their independence and autonomy, it was critical to their survival that the sisterhoods downplayed their accomplishments and successes (the title ‘say little do much’ comes from St Vincent De Paul). In the first place, these were religious women and modesty was the fundamental virtue they all needed to acquire. Furthermore, all they did was for God and nothing else was important. Second, if they were too visible the Church would get worried about women having too much independence and their freedom would be cut short and they would be placed under the close supervision and direction of men (which indeed happened to many communities of women). In my book I described this phenomenon as building nursing and health care institutions ‘under the radar’ (or beneath the notice) of the church and the men who ran the Church. Over the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as non religious women moved into nursing, and the profession began its secular professional evolution, nursing still constituted itself as a feminine domain of moral authority and womanly skill. To create nursing into a profession that would be respectable enough to attract middle class women, who would not be a threat to medical authority, what took place was the continued downplaying of nursing knowledge and skill and an emphasis on virtue and ethics. This meant that the very success of nurse reformers in creating the first mass profession for women, put nurses in the paradoxical position of playing an important role in health care while sentimentalizing and trivializing the very critical role they played. The only legitimacy nurses could claim was to couch their description of their work in charitable, devotional or altruistic terms. In our edited book Complexities of Care: Nursing reconsidered (Cornell University Press, 2006), Suzanne Gordon and I pulled together a series of essays that looked at the challenges facing nursing and the problem we as a profession have created for ourselves by talking only of caring and emotional and relational work and never about the technical and scientific basis of nursing expertise. We argued that even where the primary intervention is emotional support – this is not because the nurse is a good person, or a natural carer due to her femininity or religious vocation, but because she or he has understood that this is the intervention that the patient requires at this time, and because the nurse has the expertise and education to effectively provide support to the patient. This is not holding someone’s hand – this is a psychosocial intervention and takes education and training.
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Journals
2011 SP
Hélène Laperrière
La enfermera en Salud Pública tiene como misión movilizar las organizaciones de base de su país para implantar los programas de salud. Este trabajo implica un acercamiento que le permita captar el detalle de la realidad concreta, pero que sólo una cierta distancia crítica le permitirá situarlo en un contexto de significación global. Una sistematización de experiencias presenta la investigación evaluable comunitaria como una oportunidad metodológica para las ciencias de la salud en general y de enfermería. La perspectiva es especialmente pertinente para las prácticas profesionales de salud, específicamente en contextos imprevisibles y de conflictos de verticalidad sociopolítica entre los diversos actores implicados en un programa de salud pública. La inclusión en barrios periféricos y el trabajo con grupos comunitarios favorece la inclusión desde el punto de vista de la sociedad civil popular dentro de la evaluación de las acciones preventivas del Sida y de otros programas de salud pública. Nurses in Public Health have the mission to mobilize the community-based organizations for the implementation of national health programmes. The work engages a proximity that will allow them to seize the details of a concrete reality, but which only a certain critical distance will lead to place them in a context of global meaning. A systematization of experiences presents the community evaluative research as a methodological opportunity for health and nursing sciences. The perspective is particularly relevant for health professional practices, especially in contexts of unpredictability and of sociopolitical conflicts of verticality among multiple actors involved in a public health program. The field insertion in marginalized districts and the work with community groups favor the inclusion of the popular civil society perspective in evaluations of AIDS preventive actions and other public health programmes