Zwei altuigurische Bekehrungstexte aus der manichäischen Missionsgeschichte

Die Mission spielte für den Gründer der nach ihm benannten Lichtreligion eine herausragende Rolle. Mani selbst und seine Schüler und Nachfolger unternahmen ausgiebig Reisen mit dem Ziel der Verbreitung der Lehre. Zu bestimmten Zeiten war der Manichäismus dann auch von Nordafrika bis Südchina präsent und wirksam, seine letzten Spuren lassen sich bis ins 17. Jh. in der Provinz Fujian nachweisen. Einmalig in der manichäischen Kirchengeschichte war die Annahme der Religion durch den Kagan Bögü, den Herrscher des Uigurischen Steppenimperiums mit der Hauptstadt Karabalgasun, in der Mitte des 8. Jh., ein Ereignis, das auch den Fortbestand der Manichäer in den Oasen Dunhuang und vor allem Turfan im 8. sowie darüber hinaus auch bis etwa zur Mitte des 11. Jh. sicherte. Die zentralasiatischen Quellen sind spärlich, umfangreicher als alttürkische Bezeugungen sind die mitteliranischen Fragmente, die in mehreren Arbeiten von WALTER B. HENNING, dann aber vor allem in grundlegenden und zusammenfassenden Studien von WERNER SUNDERMANN ediert und bewertet wurden. Die alttürkischen Fragmente, die diesem Bereich des manichäischen Schrifttums zugeordnet werden können, sind zum größten Teil bekannt und bearbeitet. Hier sollen Reste von zwei unterschiedlichen Büchern vorgelegt werden, die noch nicht zur Gänze die ihnen zukommende Beachtung gefunden haben. Im ersteren Fall ließ sich für einen Passus eine genaue parthische Vorlage ermitteln.

Mission und Kulturkonflikt: Deutsche Missionen im Iran des 19. Jahrhunderts

Astrometry Lost and Regained

Technological and scientific developments during the past century made a new branch of astronomy flourish, i.e. astrophysics, and resulted in our present deep understanding of the whole Universe. But this brought astrometry almost to extinction because it was considered to be dull and old-fashioned, especially by young astronomers. Astrometry is the much older branch of astronomy, in fact 2000 years of age, which performs accurate measurements of positions, motions and distances of stars and other celestial bodies. Astrometric data are of great scientific and practical importance for investigation of celestial phenomena and also for control of telescopes and satellites and for monitoring of Earth rotation. Our main subject is the development during the 20th century which finally made astrometry flourish as an integral part of astronomy through the success of the Hipparcos astrometric satellite, soon to be followed by the even more powerful Gaia mission.

Statistical Analysis of Langmuir Waves Associated with Type III Radio Bursts: II. Simulation and Interpretation of the Wave Energy Distributions

We have modeled electrostatic Langmuir waves by an electric field, consisting of superposition of Gaussian wave packets with several probability distributions of amplitudes and with several Poisson distributions of wave packets. The outcome of the model is that the WIND satellite observations, especially in the low frequency domain (the WAVES experiment), do not allow to conclude whether the input wave amplitude distributions are closer to the log-normal than to the Pearson type I or uniform. The average number of wave packets in 1 s is found to be between 0.1 and 50. Therefore, there is a clear need to measure Langmuir wave energy distributions directly at the waveform level, not a posteriori in the spectral domain. This is planned to be implemented on the RPW (Radio and Plasma Wave Analyzer) instrument in the Solar Orbiter mission.

Die Argumentation des Patriarchen Gregorios II. Kyprios zur Widerlegung des Filioque-Ansatzes in der Schrift. De processione Spiritus sancti

Focussing on the thirteenth-century endings of Byzantine writings against the Latin innovation of the Filioque, the present study aims, on the basis of the work De processione Spiritus sancti (1283), to provide the reader with an insight into the nature of the Orthodox argumentation refuting the Filioque. The work was until now attributed to Gregorios Kyprios Patriarch of Konstantinople (1283–1289). However, it is not a product of his pen, but a compiled version of his earlier work, the “Antirrheticos against Bekkos”. Throughout the study the writer follows step by step Kyprios' reasoning and tries to control the validity and soundness of the arguments advanced, making at the same time specific references to the patristic and philosophical background of Kyprios' thinking. The study shows beyond any doubt that Kyprios is indebted to his predecessors, mostly to the Cappadocians and Dionysius Areopagites, and that he argues on the same line of reasoning with them in respect to the idea of the “Monarchy” of the Father, of the incommunicable of hypostatic properties, and of the possibility of beings to be in communion with God only through the divine energies. On the ground of these three fundamental ideas, a procession of the Spirit also from the Son is categorically rejected. Only the mission of the Spirit (what is implied here, are the gifts of the Spirit and not the Spirit itself) into the world through the Son is acceptable.

Employing Human Performance Optimization Initiatives from Historically Black Colleges and Universities: The Case of the U.S. Military

To preemptively respond to the ever changing battlefield and in light of growing threats to national security, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and by extension the U.S. military, have developed human performance optimization (HPO) initiatives to improve warfighter performance for increasing mission readiness. African American officers, by way of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), have long been and continue to be an important constituency for this strategy. Using the results of an online search via the Internet of HPO-like academic offerings at HBCUs, this paper proposes that the U.S. military could enhance its war fighting capability, and specifically that of its African American officers, for increased preparedness, increased performance and sustained and increased readiness by modeling HPO like programs at HBCUs. The authors examine similar efforts around the world, offer the potential benefits to be derived from expanded collaborations between the U.S. military and HBCUs and discuss the implications for the U.S. military and militaries within international communities, HBCUs and future research.

Developing a Leadership Competency Model for Library and Information Professionals in Kuwait

This study identified the competencies that library and information professionals in Kuwait will need to be successful in their leadership positions. The researchers prepared a list of 42 leadership competencies based on an extensive literature review. The competencies were grouped under six meta-competencies: managerial effectiveness, cognitive, social, motivational, personal, and occupational competencies. The list was distributed to 141 library managers, 79 men and 62 women representing four types of libraries: 37 in public libraries, 42 in academic libraries, 27 in school libraries, and 35 in special libraries and information centres. Respondents were asked to rate each competency according to its importance. The results include the top competencies rated highly by participants. The development of this leadership competency model for library leaders should contribute to the mission of library profession and guide decision makers with selection, appraisal, curricula design, and development efforts. This model is not static. It must be revised and validated continuously as the nature of the library and information environment changes and progresses.

Korean Theologians' Ambivalent Responses to Calvinism

This study examines how the Korean Presbyterian Church's foundational theology has become Calvinistic and Biblicist, and how its theologians have responded to its Calvinistic Biblicism. First, it is the Biblicist Nevius (Mission) Methods of the American missionaries to Korea that determined the church's theological orientation to be Biblicist. The Methods emphasizing simplistic and Biblicist Bible studies brought about a spectacular church growth, through which Biblicism was taken for granted. Second, the church's Biblicism was even doctrinally and publicly sanctioned by its constitutional Calvinistic creed of 1907. Third, it was Dr. W. D. Reynolds, a leading American Presbyterian missionary and theologian, who led the church in becoming even more Biblicist and fundamentalist. Fourth, Korean theologians' responses to Korean Biblicist Calvinism have been rather ambivalent; while their conservative wing has been quite obsessed with conservative, Biblicist Calvinism their progressive wing has been quite aloof from Calvinism in general.

Supercritical fluid extraction from vegetable materials

In the 21st century, the mission of chemical engineering is to promote innovative technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous materials in the design and manufacture of chemical products. The sustainable use of renewable resources, complying with consumer health and environmental requirements, motivates the design, optimisation, and application of green benign processes. Supercritical fluid extraction is a typical example of a novel technology for the ecologically compatible production of natural substances of high industrial potential from renewable resources such as vegetable matrices that finds extended industrial application. The present review is devoted to the stage of development of supercritical fluid extraction from vegetable material in the last 20 years. Without the ambition to be exhaustive, it offers an extended, in comparison with previous reviews, enumeration of extracted plant materials, discusses the mathematical modelling of the process, and advocates a choice for the appropriate model that is based on characteristic times of individual extraction steps. Finally, the attention is focussed on the elements of a thermodynamic modelling framework designed to predict and model robustly and efficiently the complex phase equilibria of the systems solute+supercritical fluid.

Zwischen Kooperation und Konfrontation. Die EULEX-Mission und der Aufbau von Rechtsstaatlichkeit in Kosovo / Between Cooperation and Confrontation. The EULEX Mission and Building Rule of Law in Kosovo