The place and importance of African countries in Turkey’s seeking new markets

In this study, the development of exploring the fixed information stored in the relevant literature and based on interpretation by applying qualitative research and analysis with Turkey's Africa economic ties have been emphasized and policy recommendations in order to improve foreign trade volume with these countries has been established. In addition, it is aimed to draw attention of Turkish businessmen and academicians to this issue, taking into consideration the potential of the African countries and their increasing importance in the international arena in the coming period. Another important finding of the present century in the continent's most important competition in the area in an environment that has become one of the not ignore Turkey's African countries have the luxury and technical assistance to countries, Africa in areas where experience and to provide support for training and the desire of foreign trade through the development possibilities of cooperation it is possible to reach the levels.

An overview of economic policy of “injury (damage) may not be met by injury in Islam”. (la darar aa-la dırar fi’l-islam)

Quavaid-i qulliya consist of the first 99 articles of the Islamic law Majalla-i Ahkam-i Adliyya, which was codified in the Ottoman period. The hadith of ‘There is no injury (damage), and injury may not be met by injury in Islam’ is located among them as a general principle (Majalla, article 19). Imam Malik narrated this hadith in his book Muvatta, and Ibn Mace, and Darakutni wrote it in Sunans. Although weak as record, it is on the absolute floor in content. For this, it has been called the good (hasen) hadith. Again, this principle of Islamic law methodology for the prevention of mafsadat and ensuring the maslahat (best interests) principle is the basis of the principle of ıstıslah. Therefore, this principle is one of the basic principles of religion. This principle has changed over time depending on the evaluation of the sects (mazahib). For example, the right of property was kept in the foreground by Abu Hanifa, but later Hanafis approached the opinion of the Maliki. Majalla has adopted this opinion. Maghreb and the Ottoman applications have been in this line. Commentaries of Mecelle by Ali Haydar Efendi, Atif Bey and Ali Ulvi are recent works written in Ottoman Turkish. Although the examples in this description refer to the legal system, economic life, it is important in terms of economic thought and market regulation or even public administration disciplines. This principle has been applied in many fields such as contiguity relations, urban schemes, and market regulations. Today, asymmetric information, externalities and market failures may be considered in this context.

Association Between In-Hospital Critical Illness Events and Outcomes in Patients on the Same Ward

Surface Characterization Techniques

Biallelic CACNA1A mutations cause early onset epileptic encephalopathy with progressive cerebral, cerebellar, and optic nerve atrophy

The CACNA1A gene encodes the transmembrane pore‐forming alpha‐1A subunit of the Ca v 2.1 P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel. Several heterozygous mutations within this gene, including nonsense mutations, missense mutations, and expansion of cytosine‐adenine‐guanine repeats, are known to cause three allelic autosomal dominant conditions—episodic ataxia type 2, familial hemiplegic migraine type 1, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. An association with epilepsy and CACNA1A mutations has also been described. However, the link with epileptic encephalopathies has emerged only recently. Here we describe two patients, sister and brother, with compound heterozygous mutations in CACNA1A . Exome sequencing detected biallelic mutations in CACNA1A : A missense mutation c.4315T>A (p.Trp1439Arg) in exon 27, and a seven base pair deletion c.472_478delGCCTTCC (p.Ala158Thrfs*6) in exon 3. Both patients were normal at birth, but developed daily recurrent seizures in early infancy with concomitant extreme muscular hypotonia, hypokinesia, and global developmental delay. The brain MRI images showed progressive cerebral, cerebellar, and optic nerve atrophy. At the age of 5, both patients were blind and bedridden with a profound developmental delay. The elder sister died at that age. Their parents and two siblings were heterozygotes for one of those pathogenic mutations and expressed a milder phenotype. Both of them have intellectual disability and in addition the mother has adult onset cerebellar ataxia with a slowly progressive cerebellar atrophy. Compound heterozygous mutations in the CACNA1A gene presumably cause early onset epileptic encephalopathy, and progressive cerebral, cerebellar and optic nerve atrophy with reduced lifespan. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Photocrosslinked biobased phase change material for thermal energy storage

A series of novel photocrosslinked biobased shape‐stabilized phase change materials (PCMs) based on octadecanol, eicosanol and docosanol have been prepared by UV technique for the purpose of thermal energy storage applications. Epoxidized soybean oil was reacted with acrylic acid to form acrylated soybean oil (ASO). The structure and composition, cross‐section morphology, thermal stability performances and phase change behaviors of ASO and UV‐cured PCMs were examined by using Attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis system (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results indicate that the UV‐cured biobased PCMs possess perfect phase change properties and a suitable working temperature range. The heating process phase change enthalpy is measured between 30 and 68 J/g, and the freezing process phase change enthalpy is found between 18 and 70 J/g. The decomposition of UV‐cured PCMs started at 260 °C and reached a maximum of 430 °C. All the biobased UV‐cured PCMs improved latent heat storage capacity in comparison with the pristine ASO sample. With the obtained results we conclude that, these materials promise a great potential in thermal energy storage applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133 , 43757.

Factors influencing IUCN threat levels to orchids across Europe on the basis of national red lists

The red list has become a ubiquitous tool in the conservation of species. We analyzed contemporary trends in the threat levels of European orchids, in total 166 species characterized in 27 national red lists, in relation to their reproductive biology and growth form, distribution area, and land cover where they occur. We found that species in central Europe are more threatened than those in the northern, southern, or Atlantic parts of Europe, while species were least threatened in southern Europe. Nectarless and tuberous species are significantly more threatened than nectariferous and rhizomatous taxa. Land cover (ratios of artificial land cover, area of pastures and grasslands, forests and inland wetlands) also significantly impacted the threat level. A bigger share of artificial land cover increases threat, and a bigger share of pasture and grassland lowers it. Unexpectedly, a bigger share of inland wetland area in a country increased threat level, which we believe may be due to the threatened nature of wetlands themselves relative to other natural land cover types. Finally, species occurring in multiple countries are on average less threatened. We believe that large‐scale analysis of current IUCN national red lists as based on their specific categories and criteria may particularly inform the development of coordinated regional or larger‐scale management strategies. In this case, we advocate for a coordinated EU protection and restoration strategy particularly aimed at central European orchids and those occurring in wetland area.

Simple and noninvasive method for assessment of digestive efficiency: Validation of fecal steatocrit in greenfinch coccidiosis model

Animals’ capability to absorb energy and nutrients from food poses a major internal constraint that affects the amount of resources available for allocation to maintenance, growth, signaling, and reproduction. Intestinal surface is the largest area of contact between immune system and microbial antigens; gut thus appears the main arena where trade‐offs between immune function and other components of fitness arise. Assessment of the integrity of digestive machinery should therefore be of high priority in ecophysiological research. Traditional methods of digestive physiology, however, appear unsuitable for most ecological applications due to lethality or complexity of the procedure. Here, we test the reliability of a simple, cheap, and noninvasive procedure, an acid steatocrit that assesses fat content in feces. It is based on centrifugation of a fecal sample, diluted in acid medium, in hematocrit capillary tube and quantifying the percentage of fat in fecal matter. The method has been previously validated in humans and mice; here, we apply it for the first time in birds. When applied to captive wild‐caught greenfinches, the method showed reasonable internal consistency ( r s  = 0.71 for steatocrit values, sampled from the same fecal aliquot in duplicate but processed separately). Individual steatocrit values were significantly repeatable in time in different intervals from eight to at least 20 days ( r s  = 0.32–0.49). The relationship between intestinal health and steatocrit values was tested by experimental manipulations. Medication against coccidiosis (a naturally pervasive intestinal infection) reduced, and experimental infection with heterologous coccidian strains increased steatocrit. Individual changes in steatocrit correlated negatively with changes of two markers of nutritional state—plasma triglyceride levels and body mass. Findings of this study suggest that steatocrit has a wide application potential as a marker of intestinal health in ecophysiological research. In particular, we see the perspective of this method for increasingly popular immunoecological research, conservation medicine, and studies of animal coloration.

Bisphenol S and bisphenol A cyanate ester/barium metaborate composites

The aim of this study was to improve thermal stability and surface properties of bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) by adding bisphenol S dicyanate ester (BSDCy) and Ba(BO 2 ) 2 . Bisphenol S and bisphenol A cyanate ester/barium metaborate composites having various ratios of BADCy, BSDCy, and Ba(BO 2 ) 2 were prepared. Thermal stability of the samples was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrophobicity of the samples was determined by the contact angle measurements. The samples were characterized with the following analysis; gel content, water absorption capacity. Moreover, the surface morphology of the samples was investigated by a scanning electron microscopy. The obtained results prove that the cyanate ester containing sulfonyl/Ba(BO 2 ) 2 composites have good thermal and surface properties and they can be used in many applications such as electronic devices, materials engineering, and other emergent. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1312–1317, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

Thermal properties of phosphorylated nanodiamond reinforced polyimides

Recently, the preparation of nanodiamond–polymer composites has attracted the attention of materials scientists due to the unique properties of nanodiamonds. In this study, novel polyimide (PI)/phosphorylated nanodiamonds (PNDs) composites were prepared. PNDs were achieved from the reaction of methylphosphonic dichloride with nanodiamonds in dichloromethane. Precursor of polyimide, which is the poly(amic acid) (PAA), was successfully synthesized with 3,3′, 4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and 4,4′‐oxydianiline in the solution of N , N ‐dimethylformamide. Different ratios of phosphorylated nanodiamond particles were added into PAA solution and four different nanocomposite films were prepared. The amount of PNDs in the composite films was varied from 0 wt% to 3 wt%. The structure, thermal and surface properties of polyimide films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ATR‐FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, and contact angle. SEM and FTIR results showed that the phosphorylated nanodiamond and PI/PNDs films were successfully prepared. Phosphorylated nanodiamonds were homogeneously dispersed in the polymer matrix and they displayed good compatibility. TGA results showed that the thermo‐oxidative stability of PI/PNDs films was increased with the increasing amount of phosphorylated nanodiamond. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:2285–2292, 2016. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers