State transitions are an acclimatory response by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria counteract photosynthetic inefficiency caused by changes in incident light quality. In plants and green algae, state transition 7 (STN7/STT7) kinase promotes state 2 transition. Conserved cysteine residues are implicated in STN7/STT7 regulation, but the precise nature of their involvement remains unclear. Here, an analysis of the STN7 thiols in vitro and a determination of their midpoint redox potential indicate that the lumenal disulfide linkage is unlikely to be redox regulated while the stromal cysteines form a regulatory intramolecular disulfide. We further show that thioredoxin f 1 (Trx‐ f 1) reduces the STN7 stromal disulfide linkage as consistent with a Trx‐ f 1‐mediated inhibition of the kinase under high light.
The evolutionary expansion of 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs), along with the incorporation of transposable elements and alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites, has introduced additional layers of gene expression control in eukaryotes. Consequently, 3′UTRs regulate the stability, translation, and localization of mRNAs by interacting with RNA‐binding proteins and non‐coding RNAs, thereby contributing to cell‐type‐specific and context‐dependent gene expression. Mounting evidence highlights the importance of non‐coding regions, particularly 3′UTRs, in normal physiology and disease states, including cancer. Genomic alterations and driver mutations in coding regions play a well‐established role in cancer biology. Advances in long‐read sequencing and 3′UTR‐focused genome‐/transcriptome‐wide association studies (GWAS/TWAS) improve our understanding of transcriptome complexity and how mRNA isoforms with different 3′‐ends may impact protein functions. This Review explores the regulatory roles of 3′UTRs, sources of 3′UTR isoform diversity, and implications in cancer, emphasizing the need for further research into their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Impact statement This review highlights how alternative polyadenylation generates diverse mRNA 3′‐end isoforms in cancer. Isoforms with distinct 3′UTRs are differentially regulated by microRNAs and RNA‐binding proteins, while intronically polyadenylated isoforms can lead to C‐terminally truncated proteins with altered functions.
ABSTRACT Driving anger and aggressive anger expression are prevalent in China, leading to road crashes. While potential associations between metacognitive beliefs about worry and control, anger rumination, and anger expression have been reported, limited research focuses on these relationships within the context of driving anger. This study aims to examine the associations between metacognition, anger rumination, driving‐related anger (trait driving anger and aggressive anger expression) and crash risk (traffic penalty points and crash involvement), along with testing the psychometric properties of the Measure for Angry Drivers (MAD) among Chinese drivers. Participants (M a g e = 32.31 , S D = 6.1${M}_{age}\ =32.31,\ SD=6.1$ ) completed the MAD, the short form of the Metacognition Questionnaire (MCQ‐30), the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), the short version of the Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX), and several questions related to their demographic background, traffic violations and crash involvements. A three‐factor structure comprising 23 items of MAD was confirmed (Danger posed by others, Travel delays and Aggression from others), demonstrating good reliability, convergent validity, and criterion validity. Additionally, drivers who were involved in crashes in the past 3 years reported higher total MAD scores. The structural model revealed that trait driving anger influenced anger rumination both directly and indirectly through increased maladaptive metacognitive beliefs. Also, trait driving anger and anger rumination jointly contributed to aggressive anger expression, which in turn significantly predicted crash risk. The current findings demonstrate that the Chinese version of MAD is appropriate for assessing trait driving anger and the necessity of regulating anger rumination and aggressive expressions by modifying maladaptive metacognitive beliefs.
Abstract Purpose Sparing pharyngeal constrictor muscles (PCMs) during radiotherapy improves patient‐reported swallowing function. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of integrating knowledge‐based planning (KBP) with multicriteria optimization (MCO) in Eclipse v18.0 to selectively spare PCM, quantify the required trade‐off in prophylactic planning target volume (PTV54) coverage, and to evaluate MCO performance. Method Ten patients previously planned with KBP for oropharyngeal cancer (65, 60, and 54 Gy in 30 fractions) were retrospectively re‐planned. Clinical plans were further optimized using trade‐off exploration in MCO, with a priority order: spinal cord and brainstem sparing, high‐dose and intermediate‐dose target coverage, PCM sparing, low‐dose target coverage, parotids sparing, remaining organs at risk (OAR). Plans were evaluated based on planning target volumes dose metrics (D 50% , D 98% , and D 2% ), homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and maximum and mean doses to OARs, and paired t ‐tests were performed. Differences between navigated and deliverable plans were analyzed. One patient underwent 10 identical repeat plan generations. Results MCO reduced the average mean dose to the superior and middle PCM, inferior PCM, contralateral parotid, and larynx by 2.0, 3.4, 2.6, and 3.9 Gy, respectively ( p < 0.05) but at the expense of HI and CI. No difference was observed in average PTV54 D 98% between techniques; however, all clinical plans and seven MCO plans achieved D 98% ≥ 95%, with three MCO plans modestly compromised (D 98% 93.7%–94.6%). Dose metrics between navigated and deliverable plans differed by ≤0.7 Gy for mean doses and ≤1.8 Gy for maximum doses. Pareto surface generation was not repeatable. Conclusion MCO effectively balances the trade‐off between PCM sparing and low‐dose target coverage. It may be a valuable tool in the context of personalized care.
Abstract Background Total skin electron therapy (TSET) is a specialized technique for treating cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas, such as mycosis fungoides. While traditional TSET regimens prescribe 30–36 Gy, low dose TSET at 12 Gy has gained attention due to its reduced toxicity. The dual‐field rotational TSET technique, utilizing a standard linac, offers a practical solution for improved dose distribution. However, limited studies exist on its commissioning and clinical implementation. Purpose This study aimed to commission and clinically implement a low dose dual‐field rotational TSET technique. The primary objectives were to optimize beam geometry, characterize dosimetry, and ensure treatment uniformity while maintaining compliance with ACPSEM, EORTC, and AAPM guidance. Methods A Varian TrueBeam linac equipped with a 6 MeV high‐dose‐rate total skin electron beam was commissioned for TSET. Dosimetric measurements included beam output calibration, relative dosimetry, and dose uniformity assessment using an ion chamber and Gafchromic film, with verification using an anthropomorphic phantom. A treatment dose calculation methodology was developed. Shielding, ozone generation, and quality assurance were assessed. In vivo dosimetry was performed for treatment validation. Results The optimal dual‐field beam geometry was determined to be ± 18° from the horizontal, achieving vertical uniformity within ± 2.9% and an overall treatment plane uniformity of ± 8.6%. Under rotation, the depth dose is delivered 100% at the surface, with bremsstrahlung contamination of 0.2 Gy. Custom eye shielding was developed, and ozone concentrations remained below the NCRP 0.1 parts per million (ppm) safety thresholds. In vivo dosimetry confirmed treatment uniformity within EORTC guidelines and identified three regions requiring dose boosts: the shoulders, palms, and inner thighs. Conclusions The commissioned dual‐field rotational TSET technique provides a viable treatment option, achieving clinically acceptable dose distribution.