ART, clinical: pregnancy

Considering multiple-species attributes to understand better the effects of successive changes in protection status on a coral reef fish assemblage

International audienceThe response of fish assemblages to changes in protection status is a major issue for both biodiversity conservation and fishery management. In New Caledonia, the Abore´ reef marine reserve harbours more than 500 fish species, and has been subjected to changes in protection status since 1988. The present study investigates the impact of these changes on a wide subset of species (213), based on underwater visual counts collected before the opening and after the closure to fishing of this marine protected area (MPA). We analysed the spatial and temporal variability in fish assemblage attributable to protection status, explicitly considering habitat. To understand the successive responses of fish assemblage to fishing and protection, the assessment models included four criteria defining species groups that partition the fish assemblage: trophic regime, adult size, mobility, and interest for fishing. We could therefore identify the negative impact of opening the MPA to fishing on piscivores and highly mobile species. Surprisingly, target species were not affected more than non-target species. Model results were used to identify species groups that respond to fishing and protection. These results utilize fisheries-related criteria to provide new insight into the response of fish assemblages to protection from the perspective of MPA monitoring

Changes in the catch composition of artisanal fisheries attributable to dolphin depredation in a Mediterranean marine reserve

There is increasing evidence from previous studies, and from fishers' observations, that coastal dolphins use fishing nets as an easily accessible feeding source, damaging or depredating fish caught in the nets. This study investigates the impact of dolphin depredation on artisanal trammelnets by analysing the catch composition of 614 artisanal fishing operations in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (France). Common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) attacked, on average, 12.4% of the nets and damaged 8.3% of the catch. However, attacked nets were characterized by statistically significantly higher catch per unit effort than unattacked ones. Catch composition also differed significantly after dolphin attacks; bentho-pelagic fish were more represented and reef-associated fish less represented. Our results suggest that (i) dolphins are attracted by high fish densities in the fishing area and/or nets, and (ii) their attacks induce specific fish-avoidance behaviour, according to the fish position in the water column. Although dolphins depredate a small part of the catch, damage to nets, not yet assessed in this area, could weaken the benefits that reserves can provide to artisanal fisheries.

Causes of death in HIV-infected women: persistent role of AIDS. The 'Mortalite 2000 & 2005' Surveys (ANRS EN19)

Little is known about the causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: comparison with the general population in nine industrialized countries

Mortality in HIV-infected patients has declined substantially with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), but it is unclear whether it has reached that of the general population. We compared mortality in patients starting ART in nine countries of Europe and North America with the corresponding general population, taking into account their response to ART.

Virological and immunological response in HIV-1-infected patients with multiple treatment failures receiving raltegravir and optimized background therapy, ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort

The efficacy of raltegravir plus optimized background therapy (OBT) has been demonstrated for antiretroviral (ARV)-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in randomized clinical trials. We studied viro-immunological response, pharmacokinetic parameters and genotypic test results in an observational cohort of multiple ARV class-experienced patients starting a raltegravir-based regimen.

Toxicokinetics of voriconazole during massive intentional poisoning

In vitro synergistic activity against CCR5-tropic HIV-1 with combinations of potential candidate microbicide molecules HHA, KRV2110 and enfuvirtide (T20)

To block the different mechanisms of HIV mucosal transmission, it is likely that use of several microbicide molecules will lead to the best protection against HIV transmission. Indeed, the combination of microbicides with complementary mechanisms of action is expected to increase the antiviral potency of the formulation.

Does enfuvirtide increase the risk of bacterial pneumonia in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy?

Pooled analysis of the TORO comparative clinical trial data sets showed a significantly higher incidence rate (IR) of bacterial pneumonia (BP) among patients treated with enfuvirtide-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (ENF-cART) than in those treated with other cART regimens.

Committee on Microbiology

• Joy Bergelson, Ecology & Evolution • Eugene B. Chang, Medicine • Alexander Chervonsky, Pathology • Michaela Gack, Microbiology • Tatyana Golovkina, Microbiology • Jean Greenberg, Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology • Joseph Kanabrocki, Microbiology • Dominique Missiakas, Microbiology • Tao Pan, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology • Phoebe Rice, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology • Raymond Roos, Neurology • Lucia Rothman-Denes, Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology • Olaf Schneewind, Microbiology • Howard Shuman, Microbiology • Wei Jen Tang, Ben May Department for Cancer Research • Aaron Turkewitz, Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology