Journals
2025 EN
Sahu Govind · Rajput M. S. · Mahapatra S. P.
Details of formation of micro-voids in the polymer composites are observed in the various preparation techniques due to the presence of air bubbles, which hinders their desired properties. This work reports the effect of nanoparticles and preparation techniques on the morphology and the tensile strength of the polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposites. PLA was selected for the investigation in the current work because of its wide applications in the biomedical and packaging industries. The PLA nanocomposite samples were prepared by adding calcium phosphate (CaP) and magnesium phosphate (MgP) nanoparticles with different concentrations. A new composite preparation technique has been proposed for minimizing the micro-void formation inside the PLA nanocomposites. The nanocomposite preparation technique involved ultrasonic vibration assisted melt mixing and vacuum casting. PLA nanocomposite samples were also prepared by compression molding and solvent casting techniques for comparison. The obtained results were compared to check the impact of fillers concentration and processing techniques on the properties of the prepared nanocomposite sample. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to investigate the morphological behavior of prepared PLA nanocomposites. The result reveals that several micro-voids were present on the surface of the PLA nanocomposites prepared by compression molding technique only. The formation of micro-voids was successfully eliminated by preparing the PLA nanocomposite sample by ultrasonic-assisted melt mixing & vacuum casting, and solvent casting techniques. The maximum tensile strength PLA nanocomposites was found 65.67 MPa for PLA/CaP whereas 57.42 MPa for PLA/MgP nanocomposites which can be adopted for bone implant materials.
Journals
2025 EN
Singh Bhanu Pratap · Sahu Govind · Mahapatra Shyama Prasad
Using a soft chemistry process that uses microwave and ultrasonic energy, respectively, graphite powder was converted into nano-graphite (NG) and acid modified nano-graphite (ANG). The products were then characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. The crystalline properties of modified nano-graphite and acid nano-graphite powder have been confirmed by an XRD investigation. SEM and HRTEM investigations revealed that the surface morphology and nanoparticles range in size varied from 1 nm to 100 nm. FTIR spectra verified the presence of acid functional groups on the surface of the produced nano-graphite powder. The electrodes have also been changed using NG and modified nano-graphite, which revealed significant changes in the electrochemical reactions. With the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic charge-discharge method (GCD), and cyclic voltammetry (CV), the produced sample has been assessed as a supercapacitor material in 0.5 M AgCl 2 solution as a reference and 1 M H 2 SO 4 as the electrolyte. The specific capacitance of modified nano-graphite was higher than that obtained from the pure NG and Glassy carbon (GC) electrode due to the transfer of electrons occurring in modified nano-graphite in redox solution, The modified nano-graphite materials have excellent electrical conductivity and are supercapacitors, they are ideal for use as electrodes in a variety of electrochemical energy storage systems.
Journals
2025 EN
Sharma Abhishek · Sahu Govind · Mahapatra Shyama Prasad
Silicone elastomer nanocomposite samples have been prepared using different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) of iron oxide (Fe 3 O 4 ) magnetic nanoparticle through mechanical mixing and hot press molding. The surface morphology of prepared silicone elastomer nanocomposite has been studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) which reveals the smooth dispersion of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles up to 5 wt% and at higher concentration (7 wt%) agglomerates are found. With increasing Fe 3 O 4 concentration, the mechanical properties of silicone elastomer nanocomposite exhibit an increase in tensile strength, modulus, and decrease in elongation at break, which can be attributed to the distribution and reinforcing effect of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The influence of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticle concentration on the rheological parameters of silicone elastomer nanocomposites such as storage and loss moduli, and complex viscosity as a function of temperature (5-100 °C) and at 1, 10, and 100 Hz frequencies have been investigated. The effect of iron oxide nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties shows the increase in storage and loss moduli, and complex viscosity due to increase in volume fraction of nanofiller and reinforcement. Withincreasing Fe 3 O 4 concentration, the loss factor of silicone elastomer nanocomposites reduces which can be ascribed to improved polymer-nanoparticle interactions. The inclusion of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles up to 5 wt% provide improved rheological characteristics, beyond which the rate of growth is minimal. As a result, a percolation threshold of 5 wt% Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in silicone elastomer may be considered.
Journals
2025 EN
Giriya Mohan N. · Sarkar Naresh N. · Bhowmick Debashis S.
+3 more
BaAl 2 Fe 12 O 22 powders (Y-type hexaferrite) were synthesized by co-precipitation. The resultant material were calcined at 1000° Cand 1100° Cfor 4 and 6 h. The morphological characteristics were ascertained by XRD and SEM whereas its electrical behavior and VSM characterization were done to study the magnetic properties. Experimental result indicated that calcination temperatures ranging from 1000° Cand 1100° Cfor 4 h and 6 h will not affect significantly on change in the phase formation. Slight modifications in the values of lattice parameters, electrical behavior and magnetic properties have been observed. DC conductivity and electrical permittivity has been observed decreasing trend with the decrease in temperature which shows phase reversal of hexaferrites at particular temperature of Ba-Y-type hexaferrite. Strong superexchange interaction leads to increase in Curie temperature with different calcination temperatures. The alterations in magnetic parameters makes the substituted ferrite a potential candidate for recording media, permanent magnets etc.
Resource
2025 EN
Sahu Bhanendra · Jain Amul · Maity Swarup
+1 more
Sustainable polymer chemistry is essential for addressing environmental challenges, with photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photoRDRP) and novel catalysts enabling precise control over polymerization processes. This feature article explores advancements in photoRDRP techniques, highlighting their role in tailoring polymer architecture for diverse applications. The development of novel catalysts is summarized, emphasizing their impact on polymerization efficiency and material properties. The synergy between these catalysts and photoRDRP techniques is discussed, illustrating their potential in designing functional materials such as 3D-printable polymers and hydrogels for applications in environmental remediation, healthcare and advanced manufacturing. Additionally, the review evaluates the environmental and economic implications of these technologies, considering sustainability metrics and life cycle assessments. Challenges and future directions are explored, emphasizing interdisciplinary research opportunities to enhance polymer performance and promote greener alternatives. By integrating innovative catalysts and polymerization methodologies, this review underscores the transformative potential of sustainable polymer chemistry in advancing functional material design while minimizing environmental impact.
Resource
2025 EN
Saeed Issa Bahjat · Adhab Ayat Hussein · Salih Mahdi Morug
+9 more
The lung tumour microenvironment (TME) or stroma is a dynamic space of numerous cells and their released molecules. This complicated web regulates tumour progression and resistance to different modalities. Lung cancer cells in conjunction with their stroma liberate a wide range of factors that dampen antitumor attacks by innate immunity cells like natural killer (NK) cells and also adaptive responses by effector T cells. These factors include numerous growth factors, exosomes and epigenetic regulators, and also anti-inflammatory cytokines. Understanding the intricate interactions between tumour cells and various elements within the lung TME, such as immune and stromal cells can help provide novel strategies for better management and treatment of lung malignancies. The current article discusses the complex network of cells and signalling molecules, which mediate communications in lung TME. By elucidating these multifaceted interactions, we aim to provide insights into potential therapeutic targets and strategies for lung cancer treatment.
Journals
2025 EN
Gautam Namrata · Sharma Prashant · Chaudhary Antra
+6 more
Bisphosphonates and Hormone Replacement Therapy are the primary therapeutic interventions for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (PMO), however, associated repercussions limit their usage. To address this challenge, we hypothesised the co-delivery of hydroxyapatite (HAP) with daidzein (DZ) for synergistic treatment of PMO. Propounding this bimodal approach, daidzein-loaded hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (DZHAPNPs) were prepared leveraging the oestrogenic properties of DZ while utilising HAP to facilitate biomineralization. The osteogenic potential of developed nanoparticles was validated through in vitro experiments on MG-63 cells and in vivo studies employing a “4-vinyl cyclohexene diepoxide-induced menopausal-mice model”. DZHAPNPs exhibited pronounced pro-osteogenic activity, evidenced by enhanced (155.49%) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in MG-63 cells. Additionally, cellular uptake studies confirmed their internalisation and targeted delivery. Following menopause induction and treatment, the mice underwent radiography, histology, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, and biochemical evaluations. A significant reduction ( p < 0.001) in biomarkers i.e., β-CTx, BALP, and TRAP-5b, post-treatment showed a substantial influence of DZ and DZHAPNPs. Better bone architectural parameters and bone mineral density in micro-CT analysis served as proof of the hypothesis. Also, the cellular biocompatibility of nanoparticles was confirmed through genotoxicity tests performed on the Drosophila melanogaster . The noteworthy results of the research substantiated the synergistic influence of DZ and HAPNPs in resilience and bone strength maintenance.
Journals
2025 EN
Sahu Samantak · Venkataraman Srikumar · Chanu Asem Rangita
+1 more
This study is a randomized, investigator-blinded, controlled trial with a non-inferiority design. To investigate the effectiveness of neuromodulation by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the somatic afferent nerves of the foot in neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) and compare its effectiveness with oral oxybutynin. The study was conducted in a rehabilitation in-patient ward of a tertiary care hospital. Twenty-nine persons with SCI with NDO, either sex, aged 18 years and above were randomized into two groups, one group receiving oral oxybutynin (5 mg thrice a day for two weeks) and the other transcutaneous electrical stimulation (5 Hz, 200 µs pulse, biphasic, amplitude up to 60 mA, 30 min/day for two weeks). Bladder capacity was evaluated by clinical bladder evaluation (i.e. bladder capacity measured by adding leak volume, voiding volume if any, and post-void residue using a catheter) and cystometric bladder capacity by one-channel cystometry. Maximum cystometric pressure was evaluated by one-channel water cystometry. Data were analyzed with Fisher's Exact, t-test, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Bladder capacity improved significantly in the oxybutynin and neuromodulation groups as measured by one-channel water cystometry (136 ml vs. 120.57 ml) and clinical evaluation (138.93 ml vs. 112 ml). The increase in the neuromodulation group achieved the pre-decided non-inferiority margin of 30 ml over the oxybutynin group when measured by one-channel water cystometry but not by clinical evaluation. Maximum cystometric pressure did not significantly improve in either group when compared with the baseline. Transcutaneous neuromodulation and oxybutynin effectively increased bladder capacity in persons with SCI with NDO. Neuromodulation by once-a-day transcutaneous electrical stimulation was non-inferior to thrice-a-day oxybutynin when evaluated by one-channel water cystometry. Trial registration: Clinical Trials Registry India identifier: CTRI/2018/05/013735 .
Journals
2025 EN
Sahu Ashish Kumar · Jha Sunil
Laser micromachining is gaining popularity in the current scenario for miniaturizing products with applications in different domains such as biomedical, electronics and automotive. In the present work, the Gaussian profile of the laser beam is used for the simulation of the micromilling of Ti6Al4V alloy, considering a moving heat source. A model has been developed for temperature simulation to understand the thermal interaction of the laser beam with the work material and its melting and vaporization. The temperature model is used to analyze the microgroove depth and width of microgeometry fabricated by laser micro milling. A temperature model consisting of a 3D heat equation is used to analyze the Gaussian laser beam and material interaction phenomena. In the model, the two-stage phase transformation phenomena of solid to liquid and liquid to vapor are considered in the material removal mechanism. The model is solved using a finite element simulation available in COMSOL multiphysics software. A confocal sensor measures the microgroove width and ablation depth of the machined profile. The obtained microgroove width and ablation depth have experimental errors of 16.36% and 26.93% from the simulated results, respectively, which are found to be within an acceptable range.
Journals
2025 EN
Kumar Aiswarya A. · Nawale Prashant · Sahu Manoranjan
+1 more
Electrostatic precipitation (ESP) is a technology widely used to remove particulate matter (PM) from industrial gas streams. To adopt the same for varying scales as well as for different clean air delivery applications as in indoor and outdoor air pollution, there exists a requirement for the development of comprehensive, readily adaptable, reasonably good, comparable, rigorous, step-by-step analytical theory and experimental validation of same for design of modular units of ESP. In this regard, the current study conducted theoretical and experimental studies to investigate corona characterization and PM collection efficiency in a modular unit of a single-wire, single-stage, wire-plate ESP with square cross-sectional geometry. The best agreement between the I-V characteristics of theory and the experiment was obtained while adjusting the inception electric field to 12.35 × 10 5 Vm −1 as well as the ion diffusion coefficient value to to 0.0647 × 10 −4 m 2 s −1 . Tuned theory predicted PM collection efficiency at three different flow rates of 30, 50, and 100 LPM and at various potentials 9, 11, and 13 kV, respectively. Comparing the predicted results from theory and experiment, it is understood that agreement between theory and experiment is acceptable in the case of varied flow rates and is good for potentials for varied size ranges from 13 nm to 800 nm. As accuracy and reliability of present model are verified in terms of collecting efficiency at different operating conditions of flow rate as well as potential, present model can facilitate the design and scale-up of ESPs for indoor PM control with high collection efficiency. The study also illustrated a sample calculation on the applicability of this filter-less technology for air cleaning in an indoor environment. Implications : Although corona modelling is a classical subject with much work already available, only a few studies focus on single-stage ESP where charging and collection happen simultaneously. In this regard, a comprehensive, readily adaptable, reasonably good, comparable, rigorous, step-by-step analytical theory that integrates particle charging and collection was developed. Different experiments were performed to validate the model. Comparing the predicted results from theory and experiment, it is understood that agreement between theory and experiment is acceptable in the case of varied flow rates and is good for potentials for varied size ranges from PM sizes 13 nm to 800 nm.