Journals
2026 EN
Sharma Kamna · Tripathi Tusha · Upadhyay Awanish
+2 more
ABSTRACT Meclofenoxate is a prohibited substance according to clause (S6. B: specified stimulant) by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). However, meclofenoxate is least detectable in biological matrix owing to its hydrolysis to its active metabolite 4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4‐CPA) and dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE). The detection of meclofenoxate and its metabolite 4‐CPA is mandatory by the WADA Technical Letter (TL‐01). Thus, a confirmatory method for identifying meclofenoxate and 4‐CPA has been developed using a Waters Acquity BEH UHPLC C18, 1.7 µm (2.1 × 100 mm) column with a total run time of 14 min. The dilute and inject method was used as a sample preparation technique in conjunction with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for analysis. The data were acquired in both positive and negative electrospray ionization. The method was validated for the detection and identification of 4‐CPA, 3‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐2‐hydroxypropanoic acid (4‐CPP), and chlorphenesin carbamate, with limits of identification of 50 ng/mL for 4‐CPA and 5 ng/mL for 4‐CPP and chlorphenesin carbamate. There were no interferences observed in the blank urine samples spiked with reference standards and internal standards. The matrix effect for different analytes was found to range from ‐24 to 13. The developed method was found to be precise and repeatable, as all the analytes qualified retention time (RT) and relative RT (RRT) criteria of ±0.1 min for RT & ±1% for RRT. Real urine samples of athletes were analyzed to determine the applicability of the developed method. Additionally, a study has been performed regarding the stability of meclofenoxate in spiked urine samples. The observations provided conclusive evidence that meclofenoxate is stable in acidic urine, whereas converted to 4‐CPA and DMAE in neutral or basic urine. Currently, DMAE is not included in WADA TL‐01, but can be considered altogether with 4‐CPA to conclude meclofenoxate consumption.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Rajesh · Shet Harshita · Sanghvi Yogesh S.
+1 more
Formyl‐functionalized oligonucleotides have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide due to their high reactivity, easy postsynthetic modifications, diverse transformations, and efficient labeling or cross‐linking with various biomolecules. In DNA, the modified bases 5‐formylcytosine and 5‐formyluracil act not only as important epigenetic markers but also as reactive groups that can form covalent DNA‐protein cross‐links through Schiff base chemistry. Such interactions may cause DNA damage, influence gene expression, and trigger other biological effects. This review outlines current strategies for detecting 5‐formylcytosine and 5‐formyluracil in DNA, with particular emphasis on fluorescence labeling using organic probes and the identification of biomolecules via DNA‐protein crosslink formation. By summarizing these approaches, we aim to provide readers with practical insights into their applications in chemical biology and biomedical research. Looking forward, further refinement of these methods could enable more precise disease diagnostics and open new opportunities for therapeutic development.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Roshi · Bhawsar Abhilasha
ABSTRACT In Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal, the presence of microplastics (MPs) in fish and water was investigated in both wet and dry seasons. Microplastic concentrations ranged from 10 ± 4 to 19 ± 4 items L −1 during the dry season and 8 ± 1 to 15 ± 8 items L −1 during the wet season. Among fish species, Wallago attu and tilapia showed average MP loads of 1.2 ± 1.10 and 0.8 ± 1.30 items per individual, respectively. Due to sewage, hospital waste, and tourism, higher MP levels were discovered during the dry season, particularly along Sultania Road (L1) and Masjid Lal Imli (U3). MP presence was quite low in central lake zones. Among the various shapes identified, fibers emerged as the dominant type in both aquatic samples and fish tissues. Wallago attu and tilapia showed the highest MP content, mostly made of polyethylene (PE). The predominance of black and transparent microplastic particles suggests their probable origin from degraded fishing equipment and general plastic litter. Seasonal changes influenced MP levels, with higher amounts in dry months due to less water flow and dilution. The study highlights the impact of human activities and the need for better pollution control.
Journals
2026 EN
Mallick Amrit · Sahu Raj Kumar · Setti Srinivasu Gangi
+2 more
Functionally graded material (FGM) composed of aluminium-7075 reinforced with 7.5 wt.% TiB 2 was developed using centrifugal casting for wear-resistant engine liner applications. Microstructural examination revealed a TiB 2 -rich outer region gradually transitioning to a particle-depleted inner region. X-ray diffraction confirmed Al 3 Ti, TiB 2 , and Al phases. Hardness increased from 122 HV at the inner surface to 146.7 HV at the outer surface. Dry sliding tests conducted under loads (5-25 N), speeds (200–600 min –1 ), and distances (2000–4000 m), revealed superior wear resistance at the outer surface compared to the inner. Analysis of variance indicated all parameters significantly influenced the wear of the inner surface, while load and speed were the dominant factors for the outer region. Predictive models exhibited high accuracy R² = 97.59% (inner) and 99.14% (outer) with errors below 5%. Variation in speed from 200 to 600 min –1 reduced the specific wear rate by 51.91% (inner) and 58.09% (outer) under a 5 N load and 3000 m distance. Further, the outer surface demonstrated 20.62% higher wear resistance at 200 min –1 speed. Thin serrations and debris were observed at 5 N load and 200 min –1 speed, whereas at 25 N load delamination and deeper pits appeared on the inner surface.
Journals
2026 EN
Chauhan Gaurav · Pandey Abhishek · Sahu Mrinal
+2 more
The paper demonstrates a new description of the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process by the vorticity field analysis of the plasticised materials in the vicinity of the tool and workpiece interface. The study emphasised the implications of different metallurgical aspects in the vorticity field perspective. The analysis manifested the deformation and flow behaviour of grains towards the centre and in the downward directions. The maximum value of the vorticity field magnitude in FSW of AA5083 was observed to be about 4450 s −1 near the edge of the pin bottom region. The evolution of onion rings was also postulated using the vorticity field.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Avinash · Pandit Sangeeta
Wax Thread Extraction Process (WTEP) is a key step in Dhokra manufacturing. The traditional method involves awkward postures, muscle strain and a tedious workflow. This study focused on improving the WTEP to minimize ergonomic risks and boost production efficiency. This study focused on improving the traditional method of WTEP to reduce ergonomics risk and increase production. In the first phase, the ergonomics study of traditional WTEP of Dhokra handicrafts was evaluated. Based on the findings, a new proposed wax thread extruder machine (WTEM) was considered with anthropometric body dimensions. In the second phase, new WTEM prototype was developed and tested against an anthropometric grid board. Finally, in the third phase, comparative study of the WTEM was conducted to determine the productivity and effectiveness of the new machine. The new WTEM, featuring a scissor jack mechanism and an integrated heating chamber, minimises physical effort, enhances efficiency, and the design aligns with Indian anthropometric principles to reduce postural strain. This design reduces MSDs and boosts productivity with long working hours.
Resource
2026 EN
Sarkar Saurav · Manna Sreejan · Jana Piu
+6 more
Chitosan is a widely studied polysaccharide obtained from the exoskeleton of several marine animals, such as crabs, shrimps, lobsters, etc. It is derived from chitin through controlled deacetylation. It has attracted significant attention in the domain of drug delivery due to its nontoxicity, functionality, and biodegradability. Due to its excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy, chitosan has also been found to promote wound healing. Several types of wound dressings, such as foams, films, nanofibers, wafers, topical formulations, and hydrogels, have been developed with chitosan. Its excellent water-absorbing ability helps to maintain a moist atmosphere and absorb wound exudates. The mechanical property of the hydrogel matrix provides the required support and protection for the wound. The bioadhesive behavior of chitosan helps to keep the system in the applied area and provides the therapy for the desired period. The effectiveness may vary depending on additional polymers utilized, the nature of crosslinkers and excipients implemented, the duration of cross-linking, the addition of nanoparticles, antibacterial agents, etc. Chitosan-based wound dressing materials improved skin restoration at different process stages. This review reports the recent advancements in chitosan-based wound dressing materials in stimulating skin repair concerning the repairing mechanisms. Multifunctional chitosan-based wound dressing products are also discussed.
Journals
2026 EN
Khadanga Rajendra Kumar · Panda Sidhartha · Das Deepa
+3 more
For the load frequency control (LFC) of a three-area hybrid power system, this study suggests an enhanced version of the Improved Parasitism Predation Algorithm (IPPA) method based on an adaptive type-2 fuzzy PID (AT2FPID) controller. The improved algorithm is first evaluated against the basic method in terms of execution time and solution quality using a few benchmark test functions. Additionally, an AT2FPID controller is set up to utilise the suggested method for regulating the frequency of the three-area hybrid system. When comparing the results of the proposed IPPA-based AT2FPID regulator with those of other existing approaches, the latter is more practical for frequency control. It is expected that, in terms of frequency control, the proposed hAOA-PS-based MSPID controller will perform better than traditional PID controllers. The proposed hAOA-PS-based MSPID controller achieves improvements of 27.82%, 60.02%, and 65.15% compared to the AOA-based MSPID, hAOA-PS-based PID, and AOA-based PID, respectively, shown in the simulation results.
Journals
2026 EN
Das Jitakshara · Lahan Madhuchandra · Bharali Alakesh
+4 more
Resveratrol (Res), a potent nutraceutical, holds promise in ameliorating cancer and catalyzing breakthroughs in cancer therapy. Despite numerous preclinical studies on its anticancer activity, translational research progress remains limited. Poor pharmacokinetics and low potency are primary bottlenecks of Res therapy. In this study, we aimed to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of Res in a rat model and assess its cytotoxicity against human ovarian cancer cells by developing Res loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (Res-NLCs). The Res-NLCs were synthesized using the solvent injection method, featuring a size of 177 nm, a PDI of 0.25, and an entrapment efficiency exceeding 80%. The formulation exhibited stability for three months at 4 °C and 40 °C. Cytotoxicity assessments using the MTT assay and cellular uptake studies on human ovarian cancer cells (PA1 and SKOV3 luc) revealed significantly superior time-dependent cytotoxic effects and cellular accumulation of Res-NLCs compared to free Res. Pharmacokinetic studies of intravenously administered Res in NLCs demonstrated prolonged plasma levels of Res for at least 48 h. Remarkably, Res-NLCs exhibited approximately 15- and 5-fold improvements in AUC and elimination half-life (t 1/2 ), respectively, compared to Res in solution in rats. Moreover, Res tissue distribution from Res-NLCs in rats showed significantly higher accumulation in the liver, lungs, and ovaries over 48 h, underscoring the potential for targeted therapy. In conclusion, NLCs effectively mitigated premature reduction of Res in the bloodstream, prolonged circulation period, and enhanced tissue accumulation. These findings suggest promising prospects for improving therapeutic outcomes in ovarian cancer therapy using Res-NLCs.
Journals
2026 EN
Tyagi Rama · Sharma Vikram · Kumar Neeraj
+7 more
Rutin and berberine are naturally occurring polyphenols but their usefulness is restricted by their low bioavailability and poor solubility. Thus, by delivering rutin–berberine in the form of niosomes simultaneously and hoped to enhance the permeability through nasal route for the treatment of depression. Thin-film hydration approach was used to generate dual drug-loaded niosomes (rutin–berberine) encapsulating rutin and berberine. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the morphology, size, compatibility, and leakage of the particles. These techniques included transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, UV spectrophotometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The optimized formulation (rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation) was subjected to additional characterization for drug release, ex-vivo penetration investigation, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation analysis showed that the drug release was 76.66 ± 1.24% at 24 hours, the entrapment efficiency was 74.8 ± 2.13% (rutin), and 79.0 ± 3.47% (berberine) and the vesicle size was 72.6 nm with a polydispersion index of 0.208. The antioxidant activity showed 73.67 ± 2.5% which is close to regular ascorbic acid. Studies on permeation ex-vivo revealed that rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation had considerably higher permeation (84.89 ± 3.15%) compared to rutin–berberine suspension (37.28 ± 2.33%). Furthermore, rhodamine B-loaded rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulation appeared to have higher penetration than the control (rhodamine B-solution) according to the confocal laser scanning microscope results of the nasal mucosa. Based on all the experimental data, rutin–berberine optimized niosomal formulations were determined to be a viable and successful intranasal delivery formulation.