Journals
2026 EN
Liu Xiaomeng · Zhou Abby Jingzi · Zhou Steven Shijin
+2 more
Abstract This paper proposes a new turnover mechanism, namely shock anticipation , which explains how the anticipation of potential shocks triggers voluntary turnover by individuals in organizations. Drawing on the context of US sanctions on China initiated in 2018, we analyse a sample of foreign directors (FDs) from Chinese‐listed firms between 2014 and 2021. We suggest sanctions on peer firms lead FDs to anticipate potential sanctions on their own organizations and become concerned about the associated negative effects on their careers, which in turn motivates their turnover. We further argue that FDs at state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) anticipate a higher risk and, consequently, are more likely to leave after observing sanctions imposed on their peer firms. In contrast, FDs with shorter career horizons are less inclined to leave as they perceive diminished damage to their future career. Our empirical results provide robust support for these hypotheses. This study enriches the literature on turnover and sanctions while also offering practical implications.
Journals
2026 EN
Li Chi Hon · Boivie Steven · McNamara Gerry
+1 more
Abstract The digital revolution is transforming global business practices. As organizations increasingly embed artificial intelligence (AI) within their operations, they face unprecedented uncertainty regarding future technological trajectories and competitive landscapes. To maintain competitiveness in the emerging technological space, they need to promptly acquire advanced knowledge to enrich their technological portfolio. Drawing on real options theory (ROT), our study integrates AI‐based acquisitions with internal AI development. We posit that a firm’s AI specialization represents the accumulation of critical technological knowledge and creates a portfolio of strategic options. These options can subsequently be exercised as AI acquisitions to secure complementary external capabilities. Moreover, the efficacy of these options is contingent on distinct uncertainties, including technical, modal, and complementarity uncertainties, captured by target R&D intensity, target self‐fluidity, and product market overlap, respectively. Using a sample of US public firms that carried out acquisitions from 2004 to 2015, we find support for our hypotheses.
Journals
2026 EN
Eklin Erick A. · Lee Dong (Tony) S. · McLaughlin Sloan D.
+2 more
Abstract The purpose of this article is to describe a technique to assess fit and modify zirconia in its pre‐sintered state, resulting in an ideally contoured restoration. A zirconia crown and an associated die were digitally designed. A secondary die was formed by using the exact shrinkage factor of the milled zirconia crown to uniformly expand the die to evaluate the pre‐sintered zirconia. The pre‐sintered zirconia crown was placed on the expanded die to confirm marginal fit and adjust the safety zone. The crown was sintered and placed on the unaltered die to confirm accuracy of adjustments. This article describes a reproducible technique that aims to idealize marginal contours in zirconia restorations in the pre‐sintered state and reduce post‐sintered adjustments.
Journals
2026 EN
Berkley Steven · Hoyt Lindsay T. · Zeiders Katharine H.
+1 more
Abstract This study used multilevel growth modeling to examine associations between ethnic‐racial socialization (ERS) and sociopolitical development among undergraduates of color ( N = 125) attending predominantly White institutions during the 2016 United States presidential election. Across the election cycle, awareness of inequality increased, whereas civic action declined. Preparation for bias was associated with higher initial awareness of inequality at the onset of the election, whereas cultural socialization and egalitarianism messages were linked to greater civic efficacy. Although ERS did not predict longitudinal changes in sociopolitical development, the findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive socialization processes in families of color, particularly in sociopolitical contexts where issues of race and politics intersect.
Journals
2026 EN
Adank Anoek · Bartelink Nina · Vos Steven
+1 more
ABSTRACT Background Enjoyment is key in primary school physical education (PE), yet ensuring enjoyable PE experiences for all children is challenging. Reflection may help teachers improve lesson quality and foster PE enjoyment. Methods This cross‐sectional study explored Dutch primary school teachers' perspectives on enjoyable PE and reflective practices. An online questionnaire was completed by 173 teachers (70.5% PE specialists, 29.5% generalists) who teach at least one PE lesson per week. Teacher type differences were analyzed using Chi‐square tests, Mann–Whitney U tests, and logistic regressions. Results Perspectives on reflective practices were similar among teacher types. Generalists reported more teacher‐ and policy‐related barriers to providing enjoyable PE, while specialists cited child‐related challenges. Most teachers reflected internally, with limited use of written reflection or feedback from children and colleagues. Specialists used professional networks and peer feedback more. Time constraints and low prioritization were key barriers to reflection. Implications for School Health Policy Schools should allocate time and promote reflection tools. Generalists could benefit from coaching and targeted professional development. For specialists, teacher education might foster reflective practices using video and child feedback to improve child outcomes like PE enjoyment. Conclusions Tailored strategies are needed to strengthen reflection and improve PE quality to foster children's PE enjoyment.
Journals
2026 EN
HambrechtWiedbusch Viviane S. · Colmenero Angelo V. · Mondino Alejandra
+3 more
ABSTRACT Abundant clinical and preclinical evidence demonstrates that sleep and pain have bidirectional interactions. Sleep loss enhances pain perception and pain disrupts sleep. However, the exact neurobiological mechanisms through which sleep loss alters pain remain poorly understood. The preoptic area of the hypothalamus is crucial for the regulation of sleep onset and sleep homeostasis, and it innervates downstream regions that regulate arousal states and pain. Adenosine neurotransmission in the preoptic region plays a key role in the sleep homeostatic response following prolonged wakefulness or sleep deprivation. Previous studies showed that pharmacologically blocking adenosine A 2A receptors within the median preoptic nucleus of sleep‐deprived rats prevented the increase in pain caused by sleep deprivation. These data suggest that preoptic adenosine levels, presumably elevated during sleep deprivation, increase pain sensitivity. Thus, here we investigated whether adenosine administration into the median preoptic nucleus of non‐sleep‐deprived, pain‐naïve rats increased pain. Adenosine microinjection into the preoptic (and septal) regions significantly increased thermal hyperalgesia and extended the duration of pain‐like behaviours after subcutaneous capsaicin injection, but did not affect mechanical hyperalgesia or the affective/motivational response in a mechanical conflict avoidance paradigm. Additionally, adenosine administration significantly reduced cFos expression in the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey, a key node in the descending pain modulation pathway. These data demonstrate that preoptic adenosine may act as a link between sleep disruption and pain.
Journals
2026 EN
Butler Daniel · Nemerever Zoe · Rogers Steven
ABSTRACT Prior work finds that U.S. legislators often misrepresent their constituents' preferences, with politicians often siding with their party over their own constituents' preferences. To explain this misrepresentation, district‐level characteristics receive more attention than what happens within the legislature. We argue that insights about legislative leadership can help us understand the conditions under which politicians may vote against their constituents' preferences. We investigate how partisan control of the legislative chamber affects state legislators' voting behavior using district‐level returns on veto‐referendum ballot initiatives. Our analyses reveal differences in dyadic representation based on which party controls the legislative chamber. When Republicans control the chamber, they allow their members to face more cross‐pressured votes, partially explaining why Republicans are more prone to voting against constituents' preferences. Our results demonstrate the need to better understand the role of party leaders in shaping partisan differences in the quality of representation.
Journals
2026 EN
Gouriéroux Christian · Lu Yang
ABSTRACT Whereas data on implied volatilities are available for a large number of assets, this is less frequently the case of implied covolatilities. We introduce a new approach based on static and dynamic Wishart models to solve this problem of missing data. We first discuss the identification of the parameter of the (nonlinear state‐space) Wishart models from observed implied volatilities. It is shown that the parameter of the Wishart models is identified, possibly up to some signs. Then we derive the filtering approach for implied covolatilities and apply it to different financial applications. The identification issues in other dynamic models based on spectral decomposition, matrix logarithm, and volatility–correlation decomposition are also discussed. We also discuss the implication of this result for the modeling of realized covariance matrices, when this latter is fully observable, by proposing new specification tests for Wishart type models.
Journals
2026 EN
Potter Sally · Moritz Craig · Ottewell Kym
+6 more
ABSTRACT Organisms living in arid environments are predicted to be at increased risk of extinction under climatic and anthropogenic change. Response to past climate change can provide some insights into these risks; however, our understanding of the diversification and evolutionary history of many arid‐adapted species is still limited, particularly in Australia. Here, we evaluate the demographic and evolutionary history of a widespread Australian marsupial, the black‐footed rock‐wallaby ( Petrogale lateralis ), with a highly fragmented contemporary distribution across Australia's arid biome and offshore islands. Combining genomic data from historical and modern samples, we evaluate the divergence history of the five P. lateralis subspecies. Our results show that the species has experienced a Pleistocene‐age demographic expansion across the Australian arid biome, with subsequent geographic fragmentation of populations and subspecies. We find negligible gene flow between most extant populations/subspecies, yet low divergence between populations of P. l. lateralis and currently recognised subspecies. Individuals on islands have extremely low genetic diversity and high inbreeding coefficients, in contrast to naturally fragmented mainland populations, suggesting a stronger bottleneck experienced on islands. Our results indicate connectivity of populations within the past ~160–640 kya despite their current disjunct distributions, providing important context for conservation management and potential genetic rescue. However, given the large ecological gradient and chromosomal variation within this species, assessment of ecological differences and risks of outbreeding depression will be important before decisions to mix across geographically distant populations and/or subspecies. This study demonstrates how museum genomics improves our ability to resolve complex evolutionary histories and guide conservation.
Journals
2026 EN
PérezUmphrey Anna A. · Miller Jeremy · Tulman Edan R.
+6 more
ABSTRACT Variability in acquired protection, whether from prior infection or vaccination, helps drive inter‐individual level variation in disease traits. It remains unclear, however, whether this extends to the within‐host regulatory environment and what the consequences are for reinfecting pathogens. Here, we asked whether prior pathogen exposure of hosts induces gene expression heterogeneity in host and/or pathogen during infection. We quantified gene expression in vivo following a high‐dose challenge of house finches ( Haemorhous mexicanus ) previously given controlled, varied exposures to a bacterial pathogen ( Mycoplasma gallisepticum ). To measure gene expression heterogeneity, we collected transcriptomic data from two host tissues (conjunctiva and spleen), and simultaneously, from pathogen at the primary site of infection (conjunctiva). In conjunctiva, but not spleen, prior pathogen exposure induced significant heterogeneity in host gene expression relative to pathogen‐naïve hosts, even when accounting for effects of sex. Hosts given a lower versus higher prior exposure dose showed the greatest within‐group heterogeneity in expression during re‐challenge. Functional enrichment analyses for significantly variable host genes indicated an over‐representation of terms involved in the immune response among birds with prior exposure. Infecting pathogen from the conjunctiva followed similar heterogeneity patterns, with more heterogeneous expression among pathogens infecting previously exposed hosts than those infecting naïve hosts. While the mechanisms underlying these patterns remain unresolved, our results indicate that prior exposure induces a within‐host environment that promotes heterogeneous gene expression across both hosts and pathogens. This suggests that gene expression variation in host and pathogen should be considered alongside sequence variation to understand the coevolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases.