Journals
2026 EN
Jiang Li · Gu Shijun · Valiev Rashid
+2 more
ABSTRACT [8]Circulenes, a class of intriguing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have garnered considerable attention due to their aesthetically pleasing structures. Despite their unique structural features, the applications of these rigid π‐conjugated systems remain far from fully explored due to the inherent challenges in functionalizing them. In this study, we report the synthesis of a water‐soluble tetrabenzotetraaza[8]circulene derivative ( 3 ) through the introduction of four 2,5,8,11‐tetraoxatridecane substituents. The optical properties of 3 were systematically studied in THF/water mixtures, revealing its water‐fraction‐dependent fluorescence. At 77 K, compound 3 exhibits distinctive phosphorescence with an exceptionally long lifetime of 2.08 s and a phosphorescence quantum yield of 12.3%, both among the highest values of reported hetero[8]circulenes. Additionally, 3 displays a pronounced yellow‐green afterglow luminescence that persists for 7.6 s, underscoring its potential for persistent emission applications. This study presents an effective method to modulate the optoelectronic properties of hetero[8]circulene derivatives, offering new opportunities for hetero[8]circulenes as promising functional materials.
Journals
2026 EN
Kim SungGon · Shin Jaesung
ABSTRACT Oxygen‐containing heterocycles are increasingly recognized for their biological significance, especially in the field of drug discovery. Therefore, the enantioselective synthesis of these frameworks has become a central focus in modern organic chemistry, inspiring the development of numerous elegant synthetic strategies over the past few decades. Among the various building blocks available, γ‐ and δ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds–bearing both an oxygen‐centered nucleophile and a Michael acceptor–have emerged as highly versatile synthons for the efficient construction of oxygen‐containing heterocycles through cascade annulation reactions. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemistry of these compounds, with particular emphasis on γ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones, δ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones, o ‐hydroxyphenyl‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones, and o ‐hydroxy‐cinnamaldehydes, highlighting their applications in the enantioselective synthesis of diverse chiral oxygen‐containing heterocycles via organocatalytic cascade reactions.
Journals
2026 EN
Wang YuChen · Yu YaChu · Liu WanHsuan
+2 more
ABSTRACT Pyrimidines are aromatic nitrogen‐containing heterocycles with significant applications in medicinal chemistry and materials science. Conventional two‐step strategies for synthesizing 2,5‐disubstituted pyrimidines from 2,5‐dihalopyrimidines often require toxic reagents, transition metal (TM) catalysts, harsh conditions, specialized substrates, or non‐commercially available reagents. Therefore, this study aims to develop a TM‐free synthetic route for producing 2,5‐disubstituted pyrimidines via heterocyclic skeletal editing. This one‐pot tandem reaction sequence integrates nucleophilic aromatic C─O, C─N, and C─S substitutions with an amidine‐based inverse‐electron demand Diels–Alder reaction, providing efficient synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. The modular skeletal editing strategy employs 5‐bromo‐1,2,3‐triazine 1 as a molecular platform, facilitating orthogonal coupling with various phenols, thiophenols, and sodium azide, followed by amidines to achieve skeletal editing under mild conditions using only Cs 2 CO 3 . This method offers several advantages, including ready substrate availability, operational simplicity, and high atom economy. To further demonstrate the functional utility of the pyrimidine derivatives, pyrimidine‐based Ru(II) complexes were synthesized for fluorescence imaging in live cells. An alkynylated Ru(II) complex 13 served as a key precursor for the modular incorporation of organelle‐targeting moieties via copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. These functionalized metal complexes facilitate selective labeling of the nucleus and mitochondria in live cells.
Journals
2026 EN
Patil Yuvraj
ABSTRACT The unique redox behavior and excellent stability of ferrocene when incorporated into the diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dye have made a fascinating class of multifunctional materials. This review provides a detailed overview of the developments in ferrocene‐DPP‐based organometallic chromophores, focusing on their design, synthesis, and optoelectronic properties. We also discuss their use in light‐harvesting systems, solar cells, nonlinear optics (NLO), and photothermal cancer therapy, as well as the newer application in artificial nociceptors. Ferrocene‐DPP complexes show strong and broad visible to near‐infrared (NIR) absorption with high molar extinction coefficients and exceptional thermal stability, making them very useful for advanced optoelectronic devices. Beyond their standard electronic applications, we highlight their performance as non‐fullerene acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs). Finally, we provide an overview of the current key challenges and future research directions in the development of the ferrocene‐DPP field.
Journals
2026 EN
Niu Teng · Zhang Chunliang · Zhang Rong
+8 more
ABSTRACT Organofluorine compounds have been widely applied in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials science due to their outstanding properties, stimulating the demand for prompting the development of various fluorinating reagents and fluorine‐containing building blocks. Among these approaches, the use of easily available and inexpensive fluoroalkyl acetaldehydes and their analogues has garnered increasing attention to access numerous fluoroalkylated compounds. This review focuses on the reactivity and applications of fluoroalkyl acetaldehydes and their derivatives, systematically summarizing recent methodological advances in the synthesis of diverse fluoroalkylated compounds.
Journals
2026 EN
Kang Chengyi · Zhao Kexin · Zhang Ziyi
+4 more
ABSTRACT Electrochromic (EC) and electrofluorochromic (EFC) dual‐functional materials enable dynamic multi‐wavelength optical modulation and controllable fluorescence output through external field‐induced excited‐state restructuring mechanisms, demonstrating significant potential for smart optical devices. This review systematically examines advances over the past five years in the molecular design of EC/EFC materials, discusses their underlying principles and design strategies, and analyzes structure‐property relationships governing performance. Representative molecular architectures and their applications in smart windows and multi‐level anti‐counterfeiting tags are highlighted. Finally, strategies for enhancing dual‐functional material performance are summarized, providing critical insights to guide the rational design of next‐generation EC/EFC systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Manzano Maria Carolina Rodella · Sawaya Ricardo J. · Rezende Gabriela Cabral
+1 more
ABSTRACT Acoustic communication is important for social cohesion and territory defense in forest primates, including the endangered lion tamarins (genus Leontopithecus ). Although vocalizations of individual species have been studied, there is still no comparative analysis examining whether acoustic parameters can reliably distinguish among all four species. We hypothesized that species‐specific differences in acoustic features allow discrimination among lion tamarin species, and we predicted that both spectral and temporal parameters would reveal interspecific variation. To test this, we analyzed seven shared vocalizations (long calls, whines, trills, rasps, clucks, tsicks, and peeps) from the black‐faced lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus caissara ), golden lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia ), golden‐headed lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus chrysomelas ), and black lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus chrysopygus ). Acoustic data were obtained from online sound libraries and analyzed using Raven Pro software. Spectral and temporal parameters, including frequency at 5% and 95%, peak frequency, center frequency, and bandwidth 90% were measured, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and nonparametric statistical tests to identify species‐specific differences. Our results revealed significant interspecific differences across multiple vocalizations, with spectral parameters being the most relevant for distinguishing species, whereas temporal parameters contributed less. L. caissara emerged as the most acoustically distinct species, while L. rosalia and L. chrysopygus exhibited the greatest vocal similarity. In conclusion, this study provides the first comparative analysis of seven vocalization types across all four lion tamarin species, establishing an acoustic baseline, confirming the importance of spectral parameters for species differentiation, and demonstrating the potential of vocalizations for conservation applications.
Journals
2026 EN
Latta Hannah E. · Swain Andrew H. · Garrett Nick
+1 more
ABSTRACT Background Patients presenting with pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) may receive inappropriate care if a manual pulse check is relied upon to determine pulselessness. This study aimed to investigate whether ultrasound‐naïve paramedics could acquire an ultrasound image within a 10‐s pause during a pulse check in a simulated cardiac arrest environment and interpret ultrasound‐detectable pathology. Secondary aims focus on the quality of ultrasound image acquisition and the retention of learned knowledge. Method Thirty paramedics participated in three sequential phases. Phase I involved a self‐directed e‐learning program covering an overview of ultrasound applications, including cultural considerations for indigenous New Zealand Māori in cardiac arrest. Phase II included face‐to‐face education, simulation assessments, and a knowledge quiz. Phase III included simulation assessments and a knowledge quiz. Ultrasound images were scored against the cardiac ultrasound structural assessment score (CUSAS) for quality. Results During simulated cardiac arrest scenarios, the mean time to acquire an ultrasound scan was 9.6 s (SD = 2.9, 95% CI [9.3, 10.0]). Forty‐seven per cent of study scans were captured within the 10‐s pulse check pause. Of the acquired images, 73% (95% CI [67.8, 79.4]) of scans scored a CUSAS of ≥ 3, demonstrating adequate image quality. Participants correctly interpreted 91% (95% CI [88.5, 94.5]) of 243 pathological scans during the simulations. In Phase II, 83 of 87 interpretations were correct (95%, 95% CI [91.0, 99.7]), while in Phase III, 140 of 156 interpretations were correct (90%, 95% CI [84.9, 94.4]). Conclusions During cardiac arrest simulations, paramedics on average took 9.6 s to acquire an ultrasound scan, with 47% of scans completed within the 10‐s pulse‐check pause. Research Aims To determine if paramedics can acquire an ultrasound image within the 10‐s pulse check pause in simulated pulseless electrical activity (PEA) cardiac arrest. Secondary aims focus on the quality of ultrasound image acquisition, interpretation and retention of learned knowledge.
Journals
2026 EN
Pereira Nicola M. · Wie Sarah J. · Zhao Karena
+2 more
ABSTRACT Background In the modern medical landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an increasingly common tool for the diagnosis and management of chronic pathologies. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) comprises a significant part of the practice of otolaryngology and thus provides ample opportunity for AI optimization of diagnosis and management. Objective With increasing interest in AI, this scoping review aims to map the current landscape of AI applications in CRS, identifying trends, gaps, and future opportunities. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed in the following databases from inception—April 2024: Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library. Studies retrieved were then screened for eligibility. The inclusion criteria included studies whose methods included the use of any form of AI for the diagnosis or management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Any studies that were non‐English language publications, publications older than 2003, studies analyzing acute rhinosinusitis, and studies involving pediatric populations were excluded. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Results 573 records were screened, with 49 studies included in the final review. The studies were qualitatively analyzed according to the type of AI used, study objectives, application of AI, training variables for AI in CRS, and AI accuracy reporting. Commonly used forms of AI included deep learning (36.7%), neural networks (24.5%), convolutional neural networks (10.2%), and random forest models (6.1%). The majority (55%) of studies were focused on applying AI to the diagnosis of CRS. The remaining studies used AI to predict prognostic outcomes in CRS (29%) and to assess patient response to treatment or inform patient treatment plans (12%). Some studies aimed to identify biomarkers or clinical variables for the diagnosis or prognosis of CRS (37%), while others used AI to subtype CRS (33%) or assess radiologic characteristics using AI (20%). CT imaging, tissue or blood eosinophil counts, clinical or demographic patient characteristics, histopathology characteristics, blood and tissue cytokines, and nasal endoscopy findings were all variables used to train the AI models. Classification metrics and regression metrics were used to assess AI model performance. Conclusions AI is a promising tool in the management of CRS, though it remains in its early stages. Current applications show significant progress in diagnosis, subtyping, and prognosticating in CRS, but there are few studies that analyze the utility of AI for surgical planning, economic evaluation, or interactive clinical tools. This review underscores the potential of AI for transforming an otolaryngologist's approach to CRS.
Journals
2026 EN
Panne Shakira A. · Durrant Helena · Heuer Jannis F.
+12 more
Abstract The blood–brain barrier (BBB) maintains central nervous system homeostasis by regulating molecular exchange between blood and brain. BBB dysfunction is associated with aging and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Diverse approaches are used to study BBB structure and function, including cell‐based models, imaging techniques, and fluid biomarkers. While each method has distinct strengths, inherent limitations complicate interpretation and limit comparability across studies. In addition, many methods require specialized expertise, hindering the interdisciplinary integration of findings. This review outlines commonly used methods to assess BBB dysfunction and critically evaluates their relevance, advantages, and drawbacks. It provides guidance for selecting suitable techniques, proposes guidelines, and highlights key challenges in data interpretation. Finally, the review emphasizes the need to clearly define the specific BBB aspect under investigation, calls for standardized protocols, and encourages combining approaches to improve research quality and translation into clinically meaningful insights and applications.