Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 2, Accelerators, Technical Infrastructure and Safety

In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics,the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as aninternational collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCCintegrated programme, which consists of two stages: an electron-positroncollider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top,and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at theenergy frontier in the second phase. FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Zpole, the WW production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-topproduction threshold - delivering the highest possible luminosities to fourexperiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WWthreshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilotbunches. The sequence of operation modes remains flexible. FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV -nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC - and is designed to deliver 5to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Its mass reach for directdiscovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-protoncollisions, FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, andlepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the completedesign of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, thefull-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies,safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design ofthe FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injectoroptions, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report: Volume 3, Civil Engineering, Implementation and Sustainability

Volume 3 of the FCC Feasibility Report presents studies related to civilengineering, the development of a project implementation scenario, andenvironmental and sustainability aspects. The report details the iterativeimprovements made to the civil engineering concepts since 2018, taking intoaccount subsurface conditions, accelerator and experiment requirements, andterritorial considerations. It outlines a technically feasible and economicallyviable civil engineering configuration that serves as the baseline for detailedsubsurface investigations, construction design, cost estimation, and projectimplementation planning. Additionally, the report highlights ongoing subsurfaceinvestigations in key areas to support the development of an improved 3Dsubsurface model of the region. The report describes development of the project scenario based on the'avoid-reduce-compensate' iterative optimisation approach. The referencescenario balances optimal physics performance with territorial compatibility,implementation risks, and costs. Environmental field investigations coveringalmost 600 hectares of terrain - including numerous urban, economic, social,and technical aspects - confirmed the project's technical feasibility andcontributed to the preparation of essential input documents for the formalproject authorisation phase. The summary also highlights the initiation ofpublic dialogue as part of the authorisation process. The results of acomprehensive socio-economic impact assessment, which included significantenvironmental effects, are presented. Even under the most conservative andstringent conditions, a positive benefit-cost ratio for the FCC-ee is obtained.Finally, the report provides a concise summary of the studies conducted todocument the current state of the environment.

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