Resource
2026 EN
Sagheer Sameera V. Mohd · Nimitha U. · Ameer P. M.
+3 more
Over the years, Generative Adversarial Networks ( G A N s ) have revolutionized the medical imaging industry for applications such as image synthesis, denoising, super resolution, data augmentation, and cross-modality translation. The objective of this review is to evaluate the advances, relevances, and limitations of G A N s in medical imaging. An organised literature review was conducted following the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The literature considered included peer-reviewed papers published between 2020 and 2025 across databases including PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Scopus. The studies related to applications of GAN architectures in medical imaging with reported experimental outcomes and published in English in reputable journals and conferences were considered for the review. Thesis, white papers, communication letters, and non-English articles were not included for the same. CLAIM based quality assessment criteria were applied to the included studies to assess the quality. The study classifies diverse GAN architectures, summarizing their clinical applications, technical performances, and their implementation hardships. Key findings reveal the increasing applications of G A N s for enhancing diagnostic accuracy, reducing data scarcity through synthetic data generation, and supporting modality translation. However, concerns such as limited generalizability, lack of clinical validation, and regulatory constraints persist. This review provides a comprehensive study of the prevailing scenario of G A N s in medical imaging and highlights crucial research gaps and future directions. Though G A N s hold transformative capability for medical imaging, their integration into clinical use demands further validation, interpretability, and regulatory alignment.
Resource
2026 EN
Abdulkader Dhiaa Ali · Alkhafaje Zahraa A. · Hasan Wasan A.
+8 more
The pharmacological therapy of neonates is extremely complicated due to the immature organ systems of the body, high water content, and low numbers of clinical studies in children of this age. Conventional dosing strategies, usually based on weight or age, are often inaccurate and may result in either underexposure or toxicity. A structured literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus, as well as in Web of Science, from the year 2000 until September 2025. The search was based on neonatal pharmacokinetics, model-informed precision dosing ( MIPD ), Bayesian dosing, and artificial intelligence/machine learning. Following the removal of duplicates and 2-stage screening (title/abstract and full-text review), 82 studies were used in the end to conduct this review. This review follows the PRISMA 2020 flow selection style. We established that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic ( popPK/PD ) models, with the help of Bayesian strategies, can offer a context of therapy individualization, but they are still limited by the absence of complete information and high intersubjective differences. Artificial intelligence ( AI ) can also be used to provide an extra level of support by processing vast and multifaceted data, discovering latent trends, and improving predictions of doses in real time. Our review concluded that applications of AI -driven tools are now emerging in neonatal intensive care, particularly for antibiotics and analgesics, where accurate dosing is critical. Combining AI with the known pharmacometric practices could assist clinicians to minimize adverse drug reactions, enhance treatment outcomes, and get closer to the actual personalized pharmacotherapy in neonates.
Bulgarian Pharmaceutical Scientific Society
Journals
2025 EN
Wang Huifeng · Dang Caitlyn · RiveraBolanos Nancy
+10 more
Abstract Critical limb ischemia (CLI) presents a significant clinical challenge, leading to tissue ischemia and potentially resulting in limb necrosis or amputation. Cell‐based regenerative therapies offer promise for improving outcomes in CLI, but their effectiveness is often limited by poor cell survival and engraftment. This study hypothesized that a thermo‐responsive polymer, poly(polyethylene glycol citrate‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PPCN), combined with pro‐survival bioactive peptides, can create a protective microenvironment to improve endothelial cell survival and function after their delivery. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, laminin‐derived peptide A5G81 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐derived peptide QK are identified as effective in promoting endothelial cell spreading, proliferation, and prolonged survival. PPCN's viscoelastic properties protected against shear stress during injection, while the peptides supported endothelial cell behavior through distinct molecular pathways. Importantly, delivery of endothelial cells with PPCN‐A5G81 and PPCN‐QK in a murine hindlimb ischemia model resulted in significant improvements in limb perfusion, tissue preservation, and functional outcomes compared to controls. Additionally, this approach enhanced skeletal muscle remodeling following ischemic injury. This innovative biomaterial platform represents a versatile solution for addressing cell survival challenges and advancing regenerative therapies in CLI and other ischemic conditions.
Journals
2025 EN
Wang Huifeng · Duan Chongwen · Luo Ruyue
+5 more
Abstract Immunoisolation strategies that rely on porous membranes play an important role in cell transplantation therapies to protect cells from the host's immune system. These membranes must possess immunoprotective properties while facilitating the transport of nutrients and cell products to maintain the functional integrity of encapsulated cells. An easy and scalable process is described to fabricate a dual function porous polymeric membrane that shields cells against immune cell attack and promotes vascularization to address the nutritional and oxygen requirements of transplanted cells. The fabrication process results in a membrane cross‐section with a gradient of nanopores to micropores that support cell immunoisolation and interfacial vascularization requirements, respectively. The membranes demonstrate excellent cell compatibility and effectively prevent T cell transmigration without compromising glucose diffusion and oxygen permeability. In a murine subcutaneous implantation model, membranes are stable for 60 days and exhibit significantly reduced fibrous capsules, with enhanced vascularization near the membrane. These porous polymeric membranes can potentially be used as pro‐angiogenic immunoprotective membranes for cell transplantation applications where maximizing cell viability and function is of critical importance.
Journals
2025 EN
Ryoo Si Won · Lin William Z. · Magliocco Alexandra
+19 more
Abstract INTRODUCTION Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for dementia and cerebral small vessel disease, but there remains a need to identify targetable molecular pathways involved in the underlying pathophysiology. METHODS In participants with Alzheimer's disease, related dementias, or cerebrovascular diseases, we assessed associations between ratios of unesterified linoleic acid (LA)‐derived soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) metabolites (diols) and substrates (epoxides), with imaging‐derived white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), brain parenchymal fraction (BPF), and cognitive performance. Potential moderation effects by glycemic control (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]) were examined. RESULTS With elevated HbA1c, greater LA‐derived diol/epoxide ratios were associated with greater WMH volume ( β [95% CI] = 0.565 [0.100, 1.030], p = 0.017), lower global BPF ( β [95% CI] = −0.476 [−0.903, −0.048], p = 0.029), and poorer memory performance ( β [95% CI] = −0.603 [−1.070, −0.136], p = 0.012), such that detrimental associations were observed only in T2DM. DISCUSSION Cytochrome P450‐sEH metabolites may indicate a novel metabolic‐vascular contribution to dementia in individuals with T2DM. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04104373. Highlights LA‐derived sEH metabolite (diol) to substrate (epoxide) ratio was lower in individuals with diabetes. The diol/epoxide ratio with high HbA1c contributed to SVD and brain atrophy. The CYP450‐sEH pathway may link metabolic and vascular contributions to dementia. sEH may be a potential therapeutic target in individuals with diabetes.
Journals
2025 EN
Hassan Ameer E. · Abraham Michael G. · Blackburn Spiros
+68 more
Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) was shown to be safe and efficacious in patients with large core stroke in multiple randomized controlled trials. However, the impact of reperfusion and other procedural metrics on EVT outcomes in this population has not been well‐characterized. Methods From the SELECT2 trial, we evaluated the association between reperfusion status, first‐pass effect (near‐complete or complete reperfusion [extended thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (eTICI) 2c‐3] in 1 pass), procedure time and primary technique (aspiration vs stent‐retriever) with functional outcomes in patients receiving EVT across ASPECTS (3 vs 4 vs 5) and core estimate strata (<70 vs ≥70ml, <100 vs ≥100ml, and <150 vs ≥150ml). Results Of 180 patients who received thrombectomy, 144 (80%) achieved successful reperfusion (eTICI 2b‐3) and demonstrated better clinical outcomes (adjusted generalized odds ratios [aGenOR]: 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.15), compared with unsuccessful reperfusion. Results were consistent across ASPECTS and core estimate strata. Additionally, complete or near‐complete reperfusion (eTICI 2c‐3) was associated with better functional outcome (aGenOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.33–2.97) in patients achieving successful reperfusion. Functional outcome point estimates favored those with first‐pass‐effect (42 of 167 (25%), aGenOR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.96–2.24). Longer procedure time was associated with worse modified Rankin scale (mRS) distribution (aGenOR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.96, p ‐value = 0.001 for 10 minutes increment). Aspiration‐first technique was used in 43 of 154 (25%) patients and was not associated with higher reperfusion (88% vs 78%, p = 0.18) or better functional outcome (aGenOR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.50–1.10) as compared with stent‐retriever first. Interpretation Successful reperfusion resulted in improved clinical outcomes in large core patients across baseline ischemic core strata. Near complete or complete reperfusion was further associated with better outcomes, whereas prolonged procedures were associated with worse outcomes. Results were consistent regardless of the technique used. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:175–184
Journals
2025 EN
Gao Lan · Churilov Leonid · Johns Hannah
+17 more
Objectives Whereas highly cost‐effective and cost‐saving for patients with small infarcts, whether endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) remains cost‐effective in patients with extensive ischemic injury is uncertain. Methods We conducted a model‐based cost‐effectiveness analysis from the United States, Australian, and Spanish societal perspectives, using a 7‐state Markov model, with each state defined by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score. Initial probabilities at 3 months were derived from the SELECT2 trial. All other model inputs, including transition probabilities, health care and non‐health care costs, and utility weights, were sourced from published literature and government websites. Our analysis included extensive sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Results EVT in patients with large ischemic stroke improved health outcomes and was associated with lower costs from a societal viewpoint. EVT was cost‐effective with a mean between‐group difference of 1.24 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), and a cost‐saving of $23,409 in the United States, $10,691 in Australia, and $30,036 in Spain, in addition to uncosted benefits in productivity for patients and carers. Subgroup analyses were directionally consistent with the overall population, notably with preserved cost‐effectiveness in older patients (≥ 70 years) and those with more severe strokes (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≥ 20). Sensitivity analyses were largely consistent with the base‐case results. Interpretation EVT demonstrated cost‐effectiveness in patients with large core across different settings in the United States, Australia, and Spain, including older patients and those with more severe strokes. These results further support adaptation of systems of care to accommodate the expansion of thrombectomy eligibility to patients with large cores and maximize EVT benefits. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:222–231
Journals
2025 EN
Kasner Scott E. · Mullen Michael T. · DeGeorgia Michael
+68 more
Objective Among patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) and large ischemic cores, critical decisions often need to be made about decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) or early withdrawal of life‐sustaining therapy (WLST). In this study, we aimed to evaluate utilization of DHC and early WLST and factors associated with them in patients with large strokes from the SELECT2 trial. Methods We analyzed the entire SELECT2 trial population, which randomized 352 patients with stroke due to LVO and large ischemic cores to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) or medical management. We used the as‐treated principle to compare the use of DHC and early WLST within 7 days after randomization. We further assessed functional outcomes (modified Rankin Score) after these decisions. Results Of 352 patients enrolled in this study, 55 received DHC and 81 transitioned to early WLST. Patients treated with EVT were as likely to undergo DHC (16% vs 15%, adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.19, 95% CI:0.75–1.88, p = 0.46) or WLST (22% vs 24%, aRR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.66–1.34, p = 0.72) as those given medical management. DHC was used more frequently in younger patients and WLST more in older patients. EVT efficacy was maintained after adjusting for DHC (adjusted generalized odds ratio [aGenOR] = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.24–2.11, p < 0.001), with no interaction between DHC and treatment (p‐interaction = 0.93). At 1 year, 21% of DHC‐treated patients were ambulatory; the outcomes were universally poor after early WLST. Interpretation In the SELECT2 trial of patients with large ischemic core, DHC was performed in ~1 of 6 patients and early WLST in ~1 of 5 patients, without differences based on treatment with EVT or medical management, nor successful reperfusion. DHC or WLST did not detract from thrombectomy treatment benefit. Additionally, ~20% of patients achieved independent ambulation despite receiving DHC by the 1‐year follow‐up. The similar distribution of these critical care decisions provides reassurance that the overall trial outcomes were not biased by open‐label treatment allocation. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:698–708
Journals
2025 EN
Basem Ali · Sagdullaev Shomansur Sh. · Alaridhee Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi
+9 more
ABSTRACT Meticulous electrode design is pivotal in advancing greener and more sustainable electro‐organic synthesis practices. In this research, our team designed and synthesized a copper‐doped electrode on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and characterized it using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis. Subsequently, this electrode was utilized as a catalyst at the electrode surface, serving as a cathode in electro‐oxidation reactions in the presence of phenylacetylene, sodium azide (NaN 3 ), and benzyl halide for the production of 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives under ambient temperature, within a 30‐min reaction time, and at atmospheric pressure, achieving an efficiency level ranging from good to excellent, specifically between 88% and 96%. The synthesized 1,2,3‐triazole derivatives were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy, CHN elemental analysis, and melting point. In this paper, choline chloride/urea deep eutectic solvents (DES) serve multiple roles in the reaction mechanism. They function as solvents and co‐catalysts, generate weak bases, and provide numerous advantages in green chemistry. These advantages include low toxicity, reduced environmental risks, improved atom economy, and non‐volatility, making them safer alternatives to traditional organic solvents.
Journals
2025 EN
Dias Fernanda Furlan Goncalves · Teixeira Bianca Ferraz · Taha Ameer Y.
+1 more
Abstract Although aqueous and enzymatic extractions are solvent‐free alternatives for extracting oil and proteins from almond flour, most of the extracted oil becomes entrapped in an emulsion and needs demulsification for recovery. To assess how extraction and demulsification methods impact yields and quality, a lipidomic approach was used to investigate the effects of aqueous and enzymatic extractions processes and recovery strategies, including pH‐shift and protease addition, on almond oil quality. Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, conventional oxidation markers (peroxide value, p‐anisidine), fatty acid profile, lipid class, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were employed to determine the combined impact of extraction and recovery methods on lipid quality and composition. Peroxide value (1.8–2.0 mEq/kg oil), p‐anisidine (0.1–0.4), and fatty acid composition of the oils (18:1 72%–75%, 18:2 22%–25%, 16:0 4%–5%) showed no significant changes based on extraction and recovery methods. However, oxylipin analysis demonstrated that the solvent‐extracted oil had higher levels of 13‐hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13‐HODE) and 12(13)‐epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12(13)‐EpOME) compared to aqueous and enzymatically extracted oils, regardless of the demulsification method. Additionally, the solvent‐extracted oil exhibited lower phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. This work provides valuable insights into how environmentally friendly extraction and recovery methods impact almond oil quality, contributing to processing optimization.