Lifestyle linked disorders have been a threat for the drastic outcomes in later stages of life. The prevalence of these disorders is currently increasing more in developing countries as compared to developed world due to abrupt transition in the eating habits and lifestyle pattern. Adequate and balanced intake of nutrients is always been a key of healthy life. In the present era, refined carbohydrates and processed foods are more preferred to consume upon organic products. Utilization of energy with these caloric dense foods has led to the advancements of metabolic disorders (Misra et al., 2018). Among non-communicable diseases, heart disease has now gained a great attention of health investigators. According to Australian Bureau of Statistics and Cancer Biology, heart diseases are one of the two top reasons of death in Australia and UK, the other is cancer. Various studies concluded that obesity, diabetes, stress, smoking, raised serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension and lack of exercise are the contributing factors in the development of heart diseases (Nahar et al., 2013).
Rhinophyma is a rare disease that primarily affects Caucasian men in the fifth to seventh decades of life. It is characterized by a progressive thickening of nasal skin, involving the lower two-thirds of the nose which may progress to large bulbous growths with dilated pores, causing lot of cosmetic and psychological concern and serving as a medium for occult cancers. Furthermore, impairment of breathing may coexist, making the surgical treatment necessary. Many treatment options are available for rhinophyma, but there is no standard treatment protocol. We report our experience in two bother patients with rhinophyma who underwent a combination of surgical excision with bipolar electrocautery and local infiltration of dilute epinephrine. It permits a spontaneous re-epithelialization in two weeks. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens revealed a hyperkeratosis of the epidermis and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. Both patients had excellent cosmetic and functional results. The described technique is simple, safe, efficient, and cost-effective approach to the treatment of rhinophyma.
Objective: To compare the outcome of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) with oral prednisolone for treatment of infantile spasms (IS). Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Neurology, The Children’s Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, from January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2017. Seventy patients with infantile spasms who met the selection criteria were randomized into two equal groups of 35 patients using a lottery method. Patients in group A received prednisolone, and in group B received ACTH. The two groups were compared to determine spasm-free outcome. Non-probability purposive sampling was used, inclusion criterion was children up to the age of one year with infantile spasms, and exclusion criteria consisted of children who had been previously treated with steroids or ACTH. History was taken by a pediatric neurology fellow, and informed consent was obtained from parents. Data was collected on a specially designed proforma and ethics approval was sought through the hospital’s institutional review board. Results: In group A, 29(83%) patients were spasm-free, while in group B, 31(88%) patients were spasm-free. Conclusion: Prednisolone is as effective as ACTH for control of IS and far more cost-effective, accessible and easier to administer. Developing countries should consider this treatment option as a first line therapy.
The multi-relaxation time (MRT) Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) was developed to overcome several constraints, which are inherent to the more famous single relaxation time (SRT) Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (LBGK) model. Constraints, such as fixed Prandtl number, fixed ratio between kinematic and bulk viscosity, and Reynolds number limitations undermine the SRT usefulness. Furthermore, the SRT method fails to accurately characterize high viscosity fluids’ behavior near the domain’s walls, an issue which can be circumvented with the MRT method. However, the MRT requires a careful selection of its relaxation parameters for achieving the desired outcome. The ad-hoc nature of this selection makes the method cumbersome, especially for threedimensional (3D) domains. Additionally, it is known that the MRT solution requires about 10% 15% more computational time than the SRT for the same domain size. Four widely used single-phase flow conditions were explored by using the SRT and the MRT methods. It is shown that the SRT has good accuracy when used for simulating low viscosity fluid cases; however, the SRT exhibits a non-physical velocity jump at the domain surface boundaries when used for simulating high viscosity fluid flows. This issue can be resolved by augmenting the SRT domain’s height, which in turn leads to an increase in the required computational time. The main advantages of the MRT are due to its capability in overcoming the velocity jump in most of the high viscosity fluid cases and in its ability to simulate flows with ultra-low viscosities, which was demonstrated in the characterization of the flow around S822 airfoil with Reynolds number Re 40,000 . Since its inception, the MRT LBM presented an interesting simulation platform, which attracted the attention of several researchers, who tried to analyze, further develop and use it for simulation cases, which were inaccessible to the SRT LBM users. Lallemand and Lue [2] obtained a generalized hydrodynamics (wave vector dependence of the transport coefficient) by solving the dispersion equation of the linearized lattice Boltzmann equation either analytically or numerically. The authors applied the concept for selecting the adjustable parameters to optimize dispersion, dissipation, anisotropy and the Galilean invariance of their model. The generalized hydrodynamics was used to study the stability of two-dimensional shear flow with shock, in which the simulation results matched their theoretical analysis. D’Humières et al. [3], extended the MRT method to D3Q15 and D3Q19 three-dimensional domain, to simulate lid-driven cavity flow for Reynolds numbers up to Re = 2000. J.-S. Wu, Y.-L. Shao [4] simulated twodimensional near-incompressible steady lid-driven cavity flows with Reynolds number between 100 and 7500 by using MRT and LBGK models. The results were compared with Navier-Stokes simulation results for the same flow domain and flow conditions. The authors reported that the MRT was able to improve the solution convergence, to decrease the spatial oscillations near sharp edges as well as it was successful in simulating high Reynold number cases. The improvements were due to the different relaxation rates used for different physical modes, which were embedded in the MRT scheme. Rui et al. [5] proposed an incompressible MRT LBM, with the equilibria in momentum space were derived from a previous LBGK model for incompressible flow proposed by Guo et al. [6]. The Model was successfully applied to steady state Poiseuille flow, cavity driven flow and double shear flow in 2D domains. Jafari S. and Rahnama M. [7] used the generalized lattice Boltzmann equation for the computation of turbulent channel flow and compared successfully their results for mean velocity distribution, turbulent statistics and vortical structures with the large eddy simulation with shear-improved Smagorinsky model for the subgrid-scale turbulence effects. The model showed good numerical stability and ease in parallelization. E. Aslan et al. [8] studied the classical case of the twodimensional lid cavity for incompressible steady laminar flow using the SRT and the MRT methods. For high Reynolds numbers ranging between 200 and 2000, the results were compared with the finite-volume predictions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The MRT showed more stable results than the SRT for high Reynolds numbers. The authors compared the convergence speed between MRT and SRT within the stability range, and they On the SRT – MRT Lattice Boltzmann Method: Validity Limits of the Single Relaxation Time for Simulating Single-Phase Flows Ameer K. Alhilo, Wessam F. Hasan, and Hassan Farhat International Journal of Materials, Mechanics and Manufacturing, Vol. 8, No. 3, June 2020 74 doi: 10.18178/ijmmm.2020.8.3.487