Journals
2025 EN
Laskar Amzad Hussain · Saranya P. · Liang MaoChang
+3 more
ABSTRACT Monitoring river flow and its controlling factors in major rivers like the Ganga is essential for freshwater sustainability, ecosystem health, and hydropower efficiency. As one of the world's largest river systems, the Ganga supports over 400 million people in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain, playing a crucial role in agriculture, water quality, and ecological balance. This paper discusses the summer water dynamics of the Ganga throughout its course. The study includes estimation of evaporative loss from river channels, groundwater interaction, and the role of aquifer water levels in sustaining river flow. In the middle plain segment of the river (~1200 km), a crucial region for agriculture and industry, evaporative loss is estimated to be approximately 58% of the river's initial water volume at the segment's start. Additionally, this segment exhibits the most significant river–groundwater interaction, with groundwater discharge increasing the river's volume by roughly 120% compared to its initial volume at the segment's beginning. Two decades of in situ data show stable groundwater levels across most of the central Ganga Plain, suggesting that reduced summer flow is driven by other factors such as increased human activities rather than groundwater depletion.
Journals
2025 EN
Owens Madison · Thyagarajan Anita · Travers Jeffrey B.
+1 more
ABSTRACT Nitrogen and sulfur mustards, often acting as vesicants, have significant consequences for public health. Skin is a common site for exposure to these vesicants that can result in considerable morbidity and mortality. Given that the treatment options are limited, new insights into the mechanisms for the toxicity of these vesicants that can be translated into preventative/therapeutic strategies are desperately needed. Importantly, like most antineoplastic agents, including chemotherapy, the cytotoxic activity of vesicants such as nitrogen mustard (i.e., mustargen/mechlorethamine) and sulfur mustard is primarily mediated via their ability to act as alkylating agents. The current review highlights the underlying mechanisms, effects as well as approaches to mitigate sulfur and nitrogen mustard‐induced effects, and their potential to be explored as therapeutic agents. Insights into the mediating roles and impacts of mustard agents could lead to future research and interventions that raise public health awareness to circumvent their adverse events and exploit desirable effects against proliferative diseases such as cancer.
Journals
2025 EN
Owens Madison · Thyagarajan Anita · Travers Jeffrey B.
+1 more
The cover image is based on the article Mechanistic Insights and Pharmacological Approaches for Nitrogen and Sulfur Mustards and Their Implications as Therapeutic Agents by Ravi Sahu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.4770 .
Journals
2025 EN
Khan Khan Mohammad · Krishna Hemant · Sahu Khageswar
+1 more
ABSTRACT Availability of a suitable tool for carrying out non‐invasive measurement of Raman signatures in situ , from biological tissues having low Raman cross section is a clinically unmet need faced with manifold challenges. A Raman probe can prove to be an invaluable component of clinical Raman diagnostic systems. We present development of a Raman probe capable of measuring artefact free Raman spectra of biological tissues in situ . The developed probe uses a single lens for simultaneous illumination and collection of the Raman signal backscattered from the sample surface. This configuration ensures not only maximum overlapping of the illumination and collection volumes, ultimately leading to optimal throughput but also reduces the fiber‐induced artefacts. The results show a superior performance of the developed Raman probe in measuring the Raman signatures from biological samples having lower Raman cross‐sections, compared to that of the two commercially available Raman probes.
WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Journals
2025 EN
Sahu Manas Ranjan · Yamamoto Akiko
ABSTRACT Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising biodegradable implant materials due to their biocompatibility and ease of corrosion in physiological environment. In the tissue, diffusion of ions and gas released by Mg corrosion reaction will be interfered by extracellular matrix and cells, which may retard the corrosion reaction. Therefore, in the present study, we developed the in vitro model tissue with different diffusion rates to understand the effect of diffusion on the Mg corrosion. A thickener called gellan gum was added to the cell culture medium at appropriate concentrations to simulate tissues with different diffusion rates. The immersion study up to 28 days and the electrochemical studies were performed to evaluate the Mg corrosion behavior. The pure Mg specimens without thickener showed the highest corrosion rate in both immersion and electrochemical tests. The highest amount of insoluble salt layer with the lowest Mg and highest O concentrations were deposited on the specimen surface without thickener. The microfocus X‐ray computed tomography (μCT) analysis confirmed these findings, showing the lowest remaining volume for specimens without thickener. There is an impediment of ion diffusion in the model tissue with increased thickener concentrations, thereby decreasing the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate for 0.2–0.3 wt. % thickener matched in the range of reported in vivo results. Hence, this model proves to be an effective tool for investigating biodegradation and understanding the mechanisms and controlling factors of this phenomenon.
Journals
2025 EN
Muhammad Faris Anad · Adhab Ayat Hussein · Mahdi Morug Salih
+9 more
ABSTRACT Radiotherapy is a cornerstone of lung cancer management, though its efficacy is frequently undermined by intrinsic and acquired radioresistance. This review examines the complexity of lung tumors, highlighting their potential as a reservoir of novel targets for radiosensitization. Ionizing radiation (IR) primarily exerts its effects through oxidative damage and DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). Lung cancer cells, however, develop mutations that enhance DNA damage response (DDR) and suppress cell death pathways. Additionally, interactions between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) components—including immune cells, stromal cells, and molecular mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors—contribute to resistance against IR. Understanding these intricate relationships reveals potential targets to improve radiotherapy outcomes. Promising targets include DDR pathways, immunosuppressive cells and molecules, hypoxia, proangiogenic mediators, and other key signaling pathways. This review discusses emerging strategies, such as combining radiotherapy with immunomodulators, hypoxia and proangiogenic inhibitors, DDR‐targeting agents, and other innovative approaches. By offering a comprehensive analysis of the lung TME, this review underscores opportunities to enhance radiotherapy effectiveness through targeted radiosensitization strategies.
Journals
2025 EN
Asiri Mohammed · Abdul Kareem AlHetty Hussein Riyadh · AlDhelaan Reham Abdullah
+7 more
ABSTRACT Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising antineoplastic agents, leveraging unique capacities of certain viruses to specifically damage malignant cells without affecting normal tissues. Current article explores the mechanisms by which OVs exploit the dysregulated biology of cancer cells, leading to tumor regression and enhanced immune responses. Recent advancements in genetic engineering have led to developing modified viruses that can deliver therapeutic genes or immune‐stimulatory proteins, further amplifying their antitumor effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated manageable safety profiles, with OVs therapies showing potential for durable responses through the induction of immunogenic cell death and long‐term immune memory. However, challenges such as the hostile tumor microenvironment and the need for predictive biomarkers remain critical barriers to widespread clinical application. This article discusses ongoing research aimed at overcoming these challenges, including combination therapies with checkpoint inhibitors and strategies to enhance viral delivery. Integrating OV into existing treatment paradigms can significantly improve patient outcomes across diverse malignancies. This review highlights the transformative capacity of OV therapy as a cornerstone of future treatment strategies.
Journals
2025 EN
Sharma Satyam · Mudgal Rajat · Krishnamurthy Sairam
+1 more
ABSTRACT The proliferation of colon cancer is influenced by alterations in epigenetic, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and dysregulation of signaling pathways, especially via the involvement of DNMT1, mTOR, and KEAP1 axis. The current investigation examined the antiproliferative capabilities of fisetin (FisT) in a rat model and in colon cancer cell lines HCT116, CT‐26, and Caco‐2. Our findings show that FisT modulated the DNMT1, mTOR, KEAP1, and IL‐6 signaling pathways to enhance the antiproliferative effects against in vitro and in vivo preclinical model. In‐silico based anticancer potential of fisetin were revealed through SwissTargetPrediction, Cytoscape, STRING, Schrodinger, molecular dynamics simulations, KEGG, and network analysis. In‐vitro MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, ROS level, immunocytofluorescence, western blot analysis, and in vivo immunohistofluorescence, western blot analysis, ELISA‐based assays were performed to evaluate anticancer property of fisetin. Our findings revealed that FisT has a strong anticancer property by demethylating DNA, enhancing ROS, KEAP1 level. Simultaneously downregulated the DNMT1 & mTOR expression, and preventing angiogenesis, cell proliferation, invasion, and migration against in vitro & in vivo models. FisT enhances the anticancer response of tumor development and reduces the size of crypt foci. FisT has potential as a cytotoxic drug, improving and intensifying anticancer responses in colon cancer.
Journals
2025 EN
Sharma Puneet · Choudhury Ch. Sairam · Sahu Bidya Dhar
ABSTRACT Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) refers to the acute or chronic impairment in the functioning of the kidneys and heart, which ultimately causes multiorgan disease. CRS has become a global threat, with high disease‐associated illness and mortality rates having a significant impact on the healthcare system. Kidney diseases also share various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction. The current treatment strategies for CRS mainly focus on symptomatic relief rather than disease mitigation. In recent years, research has been performed to explore the potential targets in managing CRS. In this review, the literature evaluation of different signaling mechanisms including Wnt/β‐catenin, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐ adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS/STING), NOD‐like receptor pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) pathway, histone deacetylase (HDAC), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), α‐klotho, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF‐23), and oxidative damage concerning the pathophysiological aspects of CRS were discussed. We highlighted a few new emerging pathways with a protective role, some with a disease‐progressive role, and some with a diversified role in CRS. This scientific review can help researchers identify promising treatment strategies to manage CRS. As stated in this review, these pathways can be the basis for introducing potential inhibitor molecules of disease‐progressing targets. Also, this scientific review will help identify molecules with agonistic properties as a protective way to transform current treatment strategies into more specific, effective treatment strategies against CRS with minimum side effects.
Journals
2025 EN
Sharma Simran · Khire Subodh S. · Sahu Nityananda
ABSTRACT Raman Optical Activity (ROA) is an indispensable tool to investigate the chiral characteristics of molecular systems; however, its quantum mechanical modeling remains computationally demanding for large systems. Moreover, standard ab initio packages often become ineffective in such cases. Against this backdrop, we report the application of the fragment‐based Molecular Tailoring Approach (MTA) to enable ROA spectra simulations of complex systems (up to 407 atoms) in both gas and solvent phases using density functional theory. The grafting‐assisted MTA‐based ROA spectra exhibit excellent agreement with the full conventional calculations and successfully reproduce key spectral features. Furthermore, for selected systems, the consistency with the experimental data further validates the effectiveness of the method. Given its accuracy, substantial computational speed‐up, and compatibility with off‐the‐shelf hardware, the present study provides a cost‐effective strategy for investigating ROA spectra of large molecular systems.