Journals
2026 EN
Sahoo Lorishna · Jena Manas Ranjan · Tripathy Jagadish Kumar
+3 more
ABSTRACT In the current investigation, geostatistical application and the Water Quality Index (WQI) method were employed to understand the geochemical characteristics, nitrate dynamics, and the susceptibility of different human groups to nitrate pollution in the hard rock aquifers of the Bargarh block in Western Odisha, India. Forty groundwater samples were collected and examined for various physicochemical properties. The ionic composition of the groundwater was found to follow the trend Ca 2 + > Na + > Mg 2 + > K + = SO 4 2 − > HCO 3 − > Cl − > NO 3 − > F − . Geochemical interpretations indicated that inverse ion exchange governs the groundwater chemistry in the region. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 280.03 mg/L, with 45% of the samples exceeded the WHO drinking water limit. The Nitrate Pollution Index ranged from clean to heavily polluted categories. A Human Health Risk Assessment highlighted that children and females are at a higher risk of experiencing adverse non‐cancerous health effects from nitrate exposure than males. The primary source of nitrate was widespread agricultural runoff caused by over‐application of fertilizers and pesticides, with domestic waste as a secondary contributor. Furthermore, about 38% of the groundwater samples were undrinkable, while the WQI rated more than 40% of the groundwater as poor to very poor quality. Despite this, groundwater was considered appropriate for irrigation based on Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Percent Sodium, Residual Sodium Carbonate, and Kelly Ratio. The findings call for targeted nitrate mitigation, including precision fertilizer use, improved wastewater handling, and long‐term monitoring to ensure safe groundwater use for future generations.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Surajita · Mishra Monalisa
ABSTRACT The eye holds a special fascination for many neuroscientists because of its meticulously organized structure. Vertebrates typically possess a simple camera‐type eye, whereas the compound eye structure is predominantly observed in arthropods including model organism Drosophila melanogaster . Cell shape, cell polarization, and tissue integrity are the cell biological processes crucial for shaping the eye, which directly or indirectly depends on the cytoskeleton. Henceforth the cytoskeleton, specifically actin microfilaments, essentially has a dynamic role in the normal development and growth of eye structure. This review provides insight into the roles played by the actin cytoskeleton during the development and maintenance of the Drosophila eye.
Journals
2026 EN
Pande Shreya · Sahu Ipsita · Pati Falguni
+1 more
The convergence of supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology has transformed the design of hydrogel‐based soft electronics by integrating dynamic molecular interactions with nanoscale conductive architectures. Supramolecular hydrogels, stabilized through reversible noncovalent interactions, offer self‐healing, adaptive, and biocompatible properties essential for interfacing with biological systems. Incorporation of conductive nanomaterials such as graphene, MXenes, and conductive polymers enhances charge transport while reinforcing mechanical integrity. These hybrid networks achieve tunable ionic and electronic conduction, enabling applications in flexible sensors, implantable interfaces, and soft energy devices. This review highlights recent advances in molecular engineering, structure–property relationships, and device‐level applications of supramolecular–nanocomposite hydrogels, outlining emerging design principles that bridge material adaptability with electronic functionality for next‐generation biointegrated and soft electronic systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Tonish Kumar · Panda Biswajit · Khan Tabrez
An efficient access to 6‐( γ ‐ketoalkylsulfonyl)methyl phenanthridines and 6‐(arylsulfonyl)methyl phenanthridines has been demonstrated under visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed conditions. Exposure of biphenyl vinyl azides to strained 3°‐cyclopropanols in the presence of Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 and SO 2 surrogate DABSO under blue‐LED irradiation triggers a cascade radical cyclization to provide entry to the γ ‐ketosulfones–tethered phenanthridines in moderate to good yields. On the other hand, entry to the 6‐(arylsulfonyl)methyl phenanthridines is demonstrated via a complementary cascade radical cyclization event involving biphenyl vinyl azides and thianthrenium salts in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 5 and fac ‐Ir(ppy) 3 catalyst under blue‐LED irradiation. The efficiency of the developed reactions has been established through broad substrate‐scope studies, and the mechanistic proposal is backed by incisive mechanistic probing studies.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Tonish Kumar · Panda Biswajit · Khan Tabrez
The Cover Feature depicts a bidirectional route leading to two different destinations, signifying the two distinct types of S VI phenanthridines that can be accessed by a new photoredox strategy. The starting materials, biphenyl vinyl azides, are depicted as tourists taking a joyride atop a steam locomotive on a blue moon day. Energy harvesting from blue moonlight by Ru/Ir‐based catalysts and the use of SO 2 gas produced from burning coal as fuel in steam locomotives are also depicted as an analogy to our reaction conditions. The tourists choose either the cyclopropanol route, involving HAT, or the thianthrenium salt route, involving SET, to reach the appropriate destination. More information can be found in the Research Article by T. Khan and co‐workers (DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202500297 ). Bhavik Parve is acknowledged for his contribution to the graphic.
Journals
2026 EN
Sinha Anurag · Shamim Rejuwan · Mahendra Mihika
+11 more
ABSTRACT The increasing adoption of cyber‐physical systems (CPS) in Industry 4.0 has heightened vulnerability to cyber threats. This study proposes a machine learning–based intrusion detection framework, DBID‐Net, to effectively identify and prevent attacks in CPS environments. The framework integrates advanced modules for data handling and threat analysis, employing AMMIS for data cleaning, ADASYN for data augmentation, CESF for feature extraction, and the Whale Hopper Optimization Algorithm (WHOA) for optimal feature selection. A bidirectional learning model is used for intrusion detection, with WHOA further enhancing scalability and adaptive attack mitigation. Experimental results show that DBID‐Net achieves an F 1‐score of 0.988, a sensitivity of 0.984, a specificity of 0.983, and an accuracy of 0.9916. These findings demonstrate that DBID‐Net offers a robust and scalable solution for securing CPS infrastructures against evolving cyber threats in Industry 4.0.
Journals
2026 EN
Singh Akanksha · Lal Parth · V.S. Mohammed Safeer
+4 more
Abstract Objectives Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy of infantile onset. While epidemiological data from Western countries and global estimates are available, consolidated evidence on the burden of IESS in India remains limited. Given India's large and diverse population, regional variations in healthcare access, diagnostic capabilities, and risk factors may significantly influence the prevalence of IESS. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of IESS in India. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search across four electronic databases—PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science—in May 2025 to identify studies focusing on the prevalence and incidence of IESS in Indian settings. Data extraction was carried out using a standardized, predesigned extraction form. The methodological rigor of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for prevalence and incidence studies. A meta‐analysis was conducted using the Freeman‐Tukey double arcsine transformation, with pooled estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals reported. Results A total of five eligible studies from different regions of India were included. The overall pooled prevalence of active cases of IESS was 3.33 per 100 000 population (95% CI, 1.46–5.82). A subgroup analysis was also conducted for the age group 0–18 years, yielding a pooled prevalence of 9.71 per 100 000 children surveyed (95% CI, 4.16–17.06). No studies reported the incidence of IESS in India. Significance The study is pivotal in estimating the burden of IESS in a low‐middle‐income country like India, where structural etiologies, treatment delays, and limited access to therapy pose major challenges. Although IESS accounts for only 0.5% of all epilepsies and 1.2% of epilepsy in children, its considerable clinical impact emphasizes the need for early recognition, standardized diagnostic protocols, and increased awareness among healthcare professionals and caregivers. Plain Language Summary This systematic review summarizes the current evidence on the prevalence of active cases of IESS in India. Based on five eligible studies, the overall pooled prevalence of active cases of IESS was 3.33 per 100 000 population and 9.71 per 100 000 children (<18 years). This study is the first to provide a consolidated estimate and a clearer understanding of the burden of IESS in India and may support clinicians and researchers in improving awareness and early recognition of this condition.
Journals
2026 EN
Dwivedi Anurag · Sahu Aishwarya · Subramaniam Shweta
+1 more
ABSTRACT Polygala foveolata is described as a new species from Chhattisgarh, India. The species is morphologically allied to Polygala tatarinowii Regel but is clearly distinct by a unique combination of vegetative, floral, fruit, and seed coat characters. Its taxonomic distinctness is further supported by Principal Component Analysis, which reveals clear morphometric separation from allied taxa. We propose the IUCN status of P. foveolata as Critically Endangered until further study. A comprehensive description, images of live plants and herbarium specimens of holotype, illustrations, distribution map and an identification key to Polygala species of Chhattisgarh are provided for easy identification.
Journals
2026 EN
Sharma Shaina · Sahu Sudarshan · Singh Gursharan
+8 more
ABSTRACT Rapidly increasing global food‐waste generation poses major environmental, economic, and waste‐management challenges due to its high organic load and improper disposal practices. Addressing this problem requires sustainable valorization strategies, including bioethanol production, which can simultaneously reduce waste burdens and contribute to renewable‐energy generation. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physical and chemical characteristics of food waste, the rationale behind pretreatment methods, and their role in improving downstream bioconversion efficiency. Pretreatments—physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological—are examined with emphasis on how they enhance hydrolysis and improve fermentable‐sugar release. Fermentation is the critical biochemical step in this pathway, as it converts the hydrolyzed sugars into bioethanol through the metabolic activity of yeast and bacteria. Enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation, the core steps that convert complex biomass into ethanol, are critically evaluated alongside bioprocessing strategies such as SHF, SSF, SSCF, and consolidated bioprocessing. The review identifies that physical and chemical pretreatments improve fermentable‐sugar release but may involve higher energy or chemical inputs, whereas enzymatic and biological methods offer more sustainable alternatives with lower inhibitory by‐product formation. Among bioprocessing strategies, SSF and SSCF consistently demonstrate higher bioethanol yields and reduced processing time compared with SHF. Consolidated bioprocessing shows strong potential for future development due to its reduced operational steps and lower overall costs. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of integrating efficient pretreatment with optimized fermentation strategies to maximize bioethanol production while enhancing the sustainability of food‐waste management.
Journals
2026 EN
Sahu Suman · Patel Shadanan · Khokhar Dharmendra
+2 more
ABSTRACT This investigation focused on the drying properties and mathematical modeling of moringa leaves under infrared drying. The moringa leaves were dried at thermal conditions (40°C, 50°C, and 60°C), with emitter distances of 7.5, 12.5, and 17.5 cm, respectively. The initial moisture content of the sample was 73.41% (wet basis). Under drying conditions of 60°C and a bed depth of 7.5 cm, the maximum drying rate of 0.054 g/min was recorded at 30 min. Among the ten models evaluated for drying kinetics, the Wang and Singh model exhibited the best fit, yielding an R ² of 0.9997 and RMSE of 0.0054 at 60°C and 7.5 cm emitter distance. Drying kinetics were evaluated using a total of ten mathematical models, among which the Wang and Singh model exhibited the most accurate fit, with an R ² (0.9997) and an RMSE (0.0054) at 60°C and an emitter distance of 7.5 cm. This study emphasized that during infrared drying, drying parameters, including temperature and emitter distance, significantly affect how rapidly moisture evaporates from moringa leaves. This study emphasized that during infrared drying, the drying parameters, particularly temperature and emitter distance, play a crucial role in governing the rate of moisture evaporation from moringa leaves. These insights into drying behavior and model suitability might assist in improving infrared drying methods for moringa leaves.