The application of genetics to marine management and conservation: examples from the Indo-Pacific

Molecular tools and analyses have played pivotal roles in uncovering the processes and patterns of biodiversity in the Indian and Pacific oceans. However, integrating genetic results into management and conservation objectives has been challenging, with few examples that show practical applicability. This review aims to address some of the perceived barriers to an enhanced approach that integrates molecular data into management and conservation goals, by reviewing papers relevant to both conservation and fisheries management in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly with respect to phylogeography, connectivity, and species identification, as well as stock delineation, restoration of depleted wild stocks, mislabeled marine resources and "molecular forensics." We also highlight case studies from each of these areas that illustrate how molecular analyses are relevant to conservation and management in the Indo-Pacific, spanning a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species. We discuss the application of genetic data to the design and evaluation of the effectiveness of marine protected area networks, stock delineation, and restoration and the usage of exclusion tests and parentage analyses for fisheries management. We conclude that there is a distinct need for increasing public awareness and ownership of genetically unique lineages and, ultimately, the increased inclusion of genetic research into management policy and conservation. Finally, we make a case for the importance of clear and effective communication for promoting public awareness, public ownership, and for achieving conservation goals within the region

ADESÃO À TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL PARA HIV/AIDS

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a adesao a Terapia antirretroviral de adultos com Virus da Imunodeficiencia Humana/Sindrome da Imunodeficiencia Adquirida atendidos em um hospital universitario do Sul do Brasil. E uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva com delineamento transversal; realizada em 2011. Os dados foram analisados com o auxilio do aplicativo SPSS® (Versao 17.0). A populacao do estudo foi de 125 pacientes, na faixa etaria de 20 a 49 anos; 44,0% foram classificados como nao aderentes, destes, 29,3% deixaram de tomar os medicamentos por uso de alcool ou drogas; 26,2% devido aos efeitos colaterais; 17,6% por motivos diversos e 4,5% por estarem trabalhando. Destaca-se a necessidade de avaliar o comportamento a fim de realizar acoes educativas que permitam cooperacao dos pacientes para maior adesao do tratamento, reduzindo a morbidade e mortalidade desse agravo a saude.

VISÃO DE MÃES SOBRE A HUMANIZAÇÃO NO ATENDIMENTO DA CRIANÇA NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE

Estudo qualitativo desenvolvido em uma Unidade de Saude da Familia em 2010 com o objetivo de discutir a humanizacao do atendimento a crianca na visao de maes a luz da Politica Nacional de Humanizacao. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formulario aplicado a 12 maes acompanhantes; o enfermeiro foi apontado como o profissional que mais atende a crianca. A falta de privacidade, durante o atendimento, as filas de espera, o ambiente inadequado para criancas e responsaveis sao fatores que nao contribuem para a humanizacao do atendimento. Ha pouco estimulo a participacao das maes nas consultas e falhas na comunicacao interpessoal entre profissionais e usuarios. Para as participantes alguns problemas identificados na Unidade sao de facil resolucao tendo por intuito humanizar o atendimento.

The Propensity to Trust Others: Gender and Country Differences

Our research examines the level of individual trust in others,which is an important issue because it essentially determines the level ofadditional work that must be done by auditors to make their audit decision. This study includes the responses of315 accounting students from Afghanistan, Australia,Nepal, and the United States. It then examines whether levels oftrust vary by country. Our dataindicate that students fromboth Australia and Nepal had significantly different levels oftrust than the students from the United States (our control group).While the students from Nepalhad a significantly lower level of trust than the students from the United States, the students from Australia had a significantly higher level oftrust than the students from the United States. Additionally, male(female) students indicated a lower (higher) level of trust. Our findingof differences among countries in the level of individual trust has implicationsin the field of international auditing. While the countries of the world areworking at harmonizing their accounting and auditing standards, differences inthe amount of work actually done on an audit could be determined by the levelof trust in a client. These countries provide a contrast among the scores forTransparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and Hofstede’scultural constructs of individualism and uncertainty avoidance; the sampleincludes Afghanistan and Nepal that are not presently included inauditing-related research

Fundamental Factors Related to Continuing Education in Family Nursing in Japan: A Mixed Methods Approach

Padrões de crescimento de machos e fêmeas de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) da variedade GIFT

The aim of this work was to estimate the growth pattern of GIFT tilapia using nonlinear model Gompertz and verifying the differences between growth pattern of males and females. The Gompertz model has been tested within eight variations. The first model had not restriction on the parametric space, but the other models presented several numbers of restrictions, ranged from 1 to 3 restrictions. Were estimated the growth pattern for body weight, total length, body height, body width and head size. Model three was the fittest for total length, weight, body width, and size of the head, while for height of the body the model one has the better fit than the other models. Comparing the weight increment with the other characteristics, it was observed that the inflection points of the morphometric characteristics ranged from 121.2 to 156.2 day for females and 134.1 to 166.6 day for males, while that for weight the inflection point was 340.4 and 322.9 day to males and females respectively, showing that the form of the fish was determined in smaller age than weight. The growth pattern of the body shares constituents and weight of males and females GIFT differ, confirming sexual dimorphism. Males and females presented equal growth relative in the inflection point for the characteristics majority of evaluated, except for body height. Objetivou-se estimar o padrão de crescimento de tilápias GIFT por meio do modelo não linear de Gompertz e verificar se existem diferenças no padrão de crescimento de machos e fêmeas. O modelo de Gompertz foi testado com oito variações, sendo o primeiro modelo sem nenhuma restrição no espaço paramétrico e os demais modelos com diferentes números de restrições para descrever o padrão de crescimento em peso corporal, comprimento total, altura do corpo, largura do corpo e tamanho da cabeça. O modelo de melhor ajuste para peso, comprimento total, largura do corpo, e tamanho da cabeça foi o modelo 3 e para altura do corpo foi o modelo 1. Comparando o incremento do peso com as demais características, observou-se que os pontos de inflexão das características morfométricas variaram de 121,2 a 156,2 dias para fêmeas e 134,1 a 166,6 dias para machos, enquanto que para peso o ponto de inflexão foi de 340,4 e 322,9 dias para machos e fêmeas respectivamente, indicando que a forma dos peixes foi determinada em idade menor que o peso. O padrão de crescimento das partes constituintes do corpo e do peso de machos e fêmeas de tilápias GIFT é diferente, confirmando o dimorfismo sexual. Machos e fêmeas apresentam mesmo crescimento relativo no ponto de inflexão para a maioria das características avaliadas, com exceção da altura do corpo

Comparative analysis between the cytobrush and low-volume uterine flush techniques for endometrial cytology in clinically normal postpartum crossbred dairy cows

This study compared two frequently employed techniques for the collection of endometrial and inflammatory cells and characterized postpartum endometrial cytology (EC) of clinically normal postpartum crossbred dairy cows in dairy farming system in Southwestern Brazil. Thirty-four crossbred, clinically healthy dairy cows with normal delivery and puerperium, complete uterine involution and without any treatment were monitored until 42 days in milk (DIM). All cows were evaluated by complete clinical and gynecological examinations at days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 DIM. The gynecological examinations were done by transrectal palpation, ultrasonography, vaginoscopy, evaluation of the vaginal mucus and EC by using the cytobrush (CB) and low-volume uterine flush (LVF) techniques. The agreement (Kappa statistic) between the two technicians was good for CB (86%) and LVF (80.3%) for the counting of the percentage of neutrophils. The average number of neutrophils was significantly higher throughout the experiment for LVF, but a reduced percentage of neutrophils were observed during the postpartum period for both techniques. The amount of macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were not affected during postpartum and there was no significant difference relative to these cells when the two techniques were compared. There were significant differences in the percentage of cows with subclinical endometritis only at d28 by CB (22.2%) and LVF (59.3%). Objetivou-se comparar duas técnicas frequentemente usadas na colheita de células endometriais e inflamatórias e caracterizar a citologia endometrial (CE) de vacas leiteiras mestiças no pós-parto fisiológico, criadas em sistemas de fazendas leiteiras do sudoeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas clinicamente sadias com parto e puerpério fisiológico, completa involução uterina e sem qualquer tratamento até os 42 dias pós-parto (dpp). Realizou-se o exame clínico e ginecológico no parto e aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 42 dpp. O exame ginecológico foi executado pela palpação retal, ultrassonografia, vaginoscopia, avaliação de muco vaginal e CE realizada com escova citológica (CB) ou por lavado uterino de baixo volume (LVF). A concordância (Kappa statistic) entre os técnicos na contagem da porcentagem de neutrófilos foi boa para CB (86%) e para LVF (80,3%). A média de neutrófilos foi maior em todos os momentos na técnica de LVF, porém a redução de neutrófilos foi observada durante o pós-parto nas duas técnicas de citologia. A contagem de macrófagos, linfócitos e eosinófilos não variou durante o pós-parto e não houve diferença entre as técnicas CB e LVF. Houve diferença apenas aos 28 dpp, na porcentagem de vacas com endometrite subclínica, entre as técnicas CB (22.2%) e LVF (59.3%)

Linfoma cardíaco primário em cão

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasm characterized by proliferation of lymphocytes that originate primarily in lymphoid organ such as lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. However the feature of continuous migration of lymphocytes in different organs, this tumor can develop in any organ. Although lymphoma is a very common hematopoietic neoplasm in dogs, cardiac location is rare. The diagnosis of primary cardiac lymphoma may be performed when there is involvement of the heart and / or the pericardium without evidence of involvement in other organs. In veterinary medicine there are few reports on the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of cardiac lymphoma. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to describe a case of cardiac lymphoma in which the patient responded favorably to chemotherapy employee with disease-free interval of 19 months and highlight the importance of including this neoplasm in the differential diagnosis of diseases that affect the cardiovascular system. Os linfomas são neoplasias caracterizadas pela proliferação maligna de linfócitos, que originamse principalmente em órgão linfóides como linfonodos, fígado, baço e medula óssea. Entretanto pela característica de contínua migração dos linfócitos por diferentes órgãos, esta neoplasia pode se desenvolver em qualquer órgão. Embora o linfoma seja a neoplasia hematopoiética de maior incidência em cães, a localização cardíaca é rara. O diagnóstico de linfoma cardíaco primário pode ser realizado quando há envolvimento do coração e/ou pericárdio sem evidências de ocorrência de órgãos linfáticos ou extranodais. Em medicina veterinária existem poucos relatos sobre o diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico desta neoplasia cardíaca. Portanto o objetivo do presente relato é descrever um caso de linfoma cardíaco em que o paciente respondeu favoravelmente ao tratamento quimioterápico empregado com intervalo livre de doença de 19 meses e salientar a importância de incluir essa neoplasia na lista de diagnósticos diferenciais de doenças que acometem o sistema cardiovascular

Colorimetric Quantification of α-D-Mannose 1-Phosphate

We developed an enzymatic colorimetric method for the quantification of α-D-mannose 1-phosphate by adding phosphomannomutase, mannose 6-phosphate isomerase and glucose 6-phosphate isomerase to a conventional glucose 6-phosphate assay using glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. In this method, α-Dmannose 1-phosphate is converted into D-glucose 6-phosphate via D-mannose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate and the resultant D-glucose 6-phosphate is ultimately converted into 6-phosphogluconolactone under concomitant reduction of thio-NAD+ to thio-NADH, which can be quantified by its wavelength of 400 nm. This method is not altered by the presence of D-mannose, D-mannosamine, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, L-mannose, β-1,4-mannobiose, α-1,2-mannobiose, methyl α-D-mannoside or dimethyl sulfoxide and it would be useful in studies involving enzymes such as phosphorylases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 130, which release α-D-mannose 1-phosphate as the reaction product.

Sensory Analysis of New Varieties of Citrus as a Complementary Strategy to the Brazilian Citriculture

In Brazil new varieties of citrus were selected along the years, but none sensory analysis is usually made to verify the acceptance as one of the bottleneck for fresh citrus juice industry and before the commercial release. We have evaluated the response of consumers (n=62) for eight new hybrids of the crossing between sweet orange and mandarin in five sensory attributes and used analysis of variance Tukey's procedure (HSD) and internal preference mapping for the data processing. The results were compared in relation to their standard physical-chemical characteristics and with commercial varieties: Murcott tangor (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck x Citrus reticulata Blanco), Pera sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Cravo mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco). Hybrids TM x LP 222 and TC x LP 5 are candidates to become variety and TM x LP 94 was chosen for new sensory analysis. Flavor featured as the most important parameter for orange juice and some hybrids with adequate physical-chemical parameters presented low acceptance, while others with inadequate parameters showed good acceptability, what suggests a new way to fruit selection