Este artigo analisa os processos de raciocinio matematico utilizados por estudantes de graduacao em cursos de Ciencias Exatas na resolucao de situacoes-problemas que envolvem matrizes. Tal analise destaca alguns teoremas em acao nao consistentes, apresentados pelos estudantes e detectados, por calculos relacionais relativos aos campos conceituais: aditivo e multiplicativo. Os resultados mostram que os raciocinios utilizados durante as operacoes,que envolvem matrizes, sao semelhantes aos utilizados para a resolucao de problemas aditivos e multiplicativos com numeros inteiros.
The short-eared dog (Atelocynus microtis) is one of the rarest species of South American canids. Aiming to describe the morphology of this animal and enhance the study of comparative neuroanatomy, we studied the anatomical makeup of the brachial plexus of a female specimen from Paragominas (PA). The specimen was donated, after natural death, to the Institute of Animal Health and Production (ISPA) at the Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA). The animal was fixed in 10% formalin and later dissected bilaterally to reveal the origin of the brachial plexus. In A. microtis, the brachial plexus is derived from the ventral rami of the last three cervical spinal nerves and the first thoracic spinal nerve (C6-T1). The brachial plexus derivatives with their respective origins were: suprascapular n. (C6 and C7), subscapular n. (C6), musculocutaneous n. (C6 and C7), axillary n. (C6 and C7), radial n. (C7 and C8), median n. (C7, C8 and T1), ulnar n. (C8 and T1), thoracodorsal n. (C8 and T1), cranial pectoral nn. (C7, C8 and T1) and caudal pectoral nn. (C8 and T1). The brachial plexus of A. microtis resembled what has been described for the domestic dog, in relation to the origin of the initial and final segment, but showed differences in the composition of some nerves
Spotted paca (Cuniculus paca) is a rodent species from the family Cuniculidae, found in South America, from the Orinoco River Basin to Paraguay. Although widely studied with regard to its morphological and reproductive aspects, still there’re no records on the morphology of the male reproductive system in this species. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate not only the macro and microscopic anatomy of the external genital organs in this species, but also their topography. We studied the external genital organs of 10 adult spotted pacas; 5 specimens, fixed in a 10% aqueous formaldehyde solution, were macroscopically studied and from 5 specimens we collected fragments from the reproductive system, for microscopic analysis. The testicles showed a parenchyma structured in seminiferous tubules and the germinal epithelium rested on its basal membrane. These organs were located in the abdominal cavity, the inguinal path, or within the scrotum. Penis, fibroelastic, was located in the pubic region, in caudal direction. Its glans, coated by keratinized epithelium, were covered by the prepuce and, below this, we identified a slender cartilaginous structure with serrated edges. A couple of bone spurs was located into a bag ventral to the urethra, whose mucosa was lined by transitional epithelium. The epididymal duct was balled up in the head, had a body and tail, and its head was lined by pseudo-stratified stereociliated epithelium, and the tail by simple cubic epithelium; from this, the deferent duct stemmed, lined by columnar stratified epithelium
Microscopy of lymphoid organs was studied in the guinea pig at different developmental stages – fetus, pup, and adult. Liver is a lobed organ, coated with a mesothelium, and it consists of sinusoids and cell plates in its parenchyma, named hepatocytes. Thymus is covered by a thin capsule of connective tissue which is protruded as septa into the entire organ. The parenchyma of each lobule is not clearly separated into a cortex and medulla. Hassall’s corpuscles are abundant. Lymph nodes are arranged into cortex and medulla. The cortex has germinal centers or lymphoid nodules, surrounded by diffuse lymphoid tissue. Spleen is divided into red and white pulp. Trabeculae of connective tissue are protruded into the spleen from the capsule; however, they are sparsely found around the red and white pulps. Germinal centers were found in the white pulp, where small and large lymphocytes and lymphoblasts can be found. Since the guinea pig is regarded as an important model for morphological studies due to its closeness to human beings, this article raises relevant information on the structural components of the lymphoid system in these animals, providing a new source of data to other knowledge fields
The absence of delimitation between criminal and administrative injuries in environmental subject, followed by the complete assimilation between them – as it can be examined in the most important criminal and administrative laws – can produce an genuine bis in idem. To analyze this point, it is necessary to define the meaning, grounds and limits of non bin in idem principle. In this perspective, this article purposes to examine the bis in idem principle from the constitutional point of view in order to stimulate doctrinal controversy on the non bis in idem principle in environmental criminal area.
A falta de delimitação entre ilícitos penais e administrativos em matéria ambiental, acompanhada pela total equiparação entre ambos – tal como se depreende do conteúdo dos principais diplomas normativos orientados à proteção do ambiente no plano administrativo e penal –, pode implicar em autêntico bis in idem. Para examinar a questão, será necessário precisar o significado, o fundamento e o alcance do princípio non bis in idem, bem como analisar se a duplicidade de sanções em matéria ambiental importa em infração a esse princípio. Nesse contexto, o artigo pretende, inicialmente, realizar uma abordagem comparativa, analisando a incorporação do non bis in idem ao ordenamento constitucional espanhol, no qual o entendimento doutrinário e jurisprudencial dominante o vincula ao princípio da legalidade. Depois, o artigo se propõe a examinar se o referido princípio pode encontrar respaldo constitucional explícito ou implícito no Brasil e, dessa forma, lançar indagações que possam fomentar o debate doutrinário sobre o possível agasalho do princípio ne bis in idem em seara penal ambiental