Journals
2026 EN
Vujasinovic Miroslav · Demir Ihsan Ekin · Marchegiani Giovanni
+81 more
ABSTRACT This international, multidisciplinary consensus report represents the first effort to systematically define and characterize fatty pancreas. A key outcome of this endeavor was the recommendation to adopt “fatty pancreas” as the standardized and inclusive term to describe all forms of fat accumulation in the pancreas. This terminological consensus provides a critical foundation for unified reporting and clinical communication. Another major contribution of the report is the consensus on diagnostic imaging findings, which was based on radiological and endoscopic modalities. The proposed criteria aim to enhance consistency in clinical assessment and support the development of standardized research protocols. In addition to establishing terminology and diagnostic frameworks, the report also synthesizes current knowledge across a wide range of relevant domains. These include the etiology and epidemiology of fatty pancreas, as well as its associations with alcohol consumption, smoking, acute and chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and surgical outcomes. The potential links between fatty pancreas and neoplastic conditions such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and pancreatic cancer are also addressed, alongside the current understanding of its metabolic implications (beta‐cell function and glucose homeostasis) and treatment strategies. Throughout the consensus process, a consistent theme emerged: the limited availability of high‐quality, prospective clinical data. Therefore, many of the recommendations in this report are based on expert consensus rather than strong empirical evidence. As such, the statements require rigorous prospective validation before they can be adopted into routine clinical practice. This underscores a critical need for further research, particularly studies aimed at clarifying causal relationships, validating diagnostic tools, and determining the clinical relevance of fatty pancreas across diverse patient populations. This report serves as both a summary of our current understanding and a roadmap for future investigations, aiming to close existing knowledge gaps and guide evidence‐based clinical practice in this emerging field.
Journals
2026 EN
Saleh Ahmed A. · Elkhaiat Ibrahim A. · Mansour Mohamed
+9 more
ABSTRACT This experiment evaluated the effect of feeding cottonseed meal (CSM) and eight supplemental endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase on growth performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, nutrients nine digestibility, expression of insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) gene, intestinal health and economic efficiency in broiler chickens. Note that 601 days old male broiler chicks (Ross‐308) were randomly distributed into six groups. Each group divided into 10 replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Group A (control) was fed the basal diet (BD), group B received BD supplemented with endo‐1,4‐β‐xylanase at 100 g/ton feed and groups C and E fed a diet containing 50 and 100 kg/ton CSM, respectively. Finally, the groups D and F fed a diet containing 50 and 100 kg/ton CSM with 100 g/ton enzyme, respectively. Feeding cottonseed meal with enzyme supplementation resulted in better final body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p <0.05). Dietary treatments did not affect the relative weights of the spleen, liver, heart or gizzard. Feeding birds on CSM decreased the crude protein (CP) and carcass yield; however, they can be improved by xylanase supplementation ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, the percentage of crude fibre, ether extract and abdominal fat, blood lipid, protein profiles and liver enzymes was not affected by treatment groups. Moreover, the expression level of IGF‐1 was significantly improved ( p < 0.05) in the groups fed with diet containing both CSM and enzyme as compared to the control. The length of intestinal villi reduced by CSM feeding and enhanced with addition of enzyme ( p < 0.05). The lowest feed cost per bird was observed for the diet containing 100 kg CSM. The highest net profit, benefit‐cost ratio and economic efficiency were recorded in the groups received diets having CSM at either dose with enzyme and that have 100 kg CSM without enzyme. In conclusion, the combination of CSM and xylanase could be a cost‐effective ingredient in the diets of broilers, substituting partially soybean meal.
Journals
2026 EN
Khan Sar Zamin · AlKhalaifah Hanan · Khan Haris
+4 more
ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of mealworm meal premix supplementation on the reproductive performance of adult peafowl and the growth and survivability of their chicks. Mealworms were oven‐dried, de‐oiled, ground and mixed with fish waste powder (150 g/kg) to prepare a nutritional premix. A total of 120 adult peafowl were allocated into four groups: control (0 g/kg) and three treatment groups receiving 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg of mealworm premix, respectively. Birds were monitored for feed intake, egg production, fertility, hatchability and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Hatched chicks were reared for 4 weeks under controlled brooding conditions, and their feed intake, weight gain and survivability were recorded. Results indicated a significant improvement ( p ≤ 0.05) in FCR, chick weight, feed intake (for the first 2 weeks) and weekly weight gain in the supplemented groups, particularly at 60 mg/kg inclusion. Fertility and hatchability percentages were consistently higher in treated groups, though not always statistically significant. Chick livability improved markedly during early brooding, with Groups C and D achieving 100% survival by Week 1. The findings suggest that mealworm meal premix enhances reproductive efficiency in breeding peafowl and supports early chick development and survival, highlighting its potential as a sustainable and functional feed additive in avian species.
Journals
2026 EN
Hafeez Abdul · Saleem Usama · Naz Shabana
+4 more
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of betaine on the performance, blood biochemistry, intestinal lesion score and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens exposed to coccidian challenge. A total of 600 one‐day‐old broiler chicks (Ross 708) were randomly assigned to five groups (six replicates). The negative control group (NC) remained unchallenged and received non‐supplemented feed, while the positive control group (PC) received non‐supplemented feed and was challenged with oocysts. The other three groups (B2, B4 and B6) were challenged with oocysts and received feed supplemented with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg betaine, respectively. Results indicated a significant decrease in growth performance, nutrient digestibility and altered blood lipid profiles in the PC group, with the most significant restoration observed in the B6 group. Caecal lesion scores were also notably restored in the B4 and B6 groups among the infected broilers. In conclusion, betaine supplementation at a rate of 600 mg/kg demonstrated improvements in growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood biochemistry and caecal lesion scores in broilers experimentally exposed to coccidiosis. However, the findings cannot be considered 100% conclusive, as variations in breed, management practices and infection severity may influence outcomes. The major limitation of this study is that it was conducted under controlled experimental conditions, which may not fully reflect field circumstances. Future research should explore different genetic strains, longer trial durations and combinations of betaine with other anticoccidial alternatives to better validate and extend these results.
Journals
2026 EN
Hafeez Abdul · Akram Wasim · Naz Shabana
+4 more
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of enzyme‐treated and fermented guar meal (GM) at varying inclusion levels (3%, 6% and 9%) on broiler performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility and ileal histomorphology during the finisher phase. Birds fed fermented or enzyme‐treated GM at 3% and 6% levels showed significantly higher feed intake, body weight gain and improved feed conversion ratios ( p < 0.01) compared to those receiving 9% inclusion or untreated GM. Apparent digestibility of crude protein, fibre, energy and minerals (Ca and P) was markedly enhanced in birds fed treated GM, particularly at 3% inclusion. Carcass yield and eviscerated weight were superior in fermented and enzyme‐treated groups at 3% inclusion, while abdominal fat was reduced. Histological evaluation revealed improved villus height, surface area and villus height‐to‐crypt depth ratio in treated groups, with fermented GM at 3% showing the most favourable gut morphology. In contrast, 9% untreated GM impaired nutrient utilization and gut structure. Overall, dual modification of GM via fermentation or enzyme treatment, particularly at lower inclusion levels (3% and 6%), enhances broiler performance and intestinal health, making it a viable strategy for alternative protein supplementation in broiler diets.
Journals
2026 EN
Ibrahim Suha · Sarkar Angana
ABSTRACT Green corrosion inhibitors have gained attention as natural and eco‐friendly solutions for microbiologically induced corrosion in various industries. This study investigates the potential of Agave sisalana saponins (ASS) combined with glycerol, a green solvent, to control biofilm‐induced corrosion on copper surfaces. Bacterial strains with strong biofilm‐forming abilities were isolated from Koel River water and identified through 16S rRNA gene amplification. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of Acinetobacter spp., Exiguobacterium sp. BFR12y, and Solibacillus sp. BFR13. Structural characterization of ASS using FTIR spectroscopy, NMR, and high‐resolution mass spectroscopy confirmed the surfactant properties of extracted saponins. The Agave sisalana saponins‐glycerol combination (ASSG) exhibited no antibacterial activity at the tested concentrations. However, colony‐forming unit (CFU/biofilm) counts, CLSM, and SEM revealed a significant biofilm inhibition efficacy of 80.14%. Corrosion rate and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study demonstrated 76.42% corrosion inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ASSG was attributed to its adsorption onto metal surfaces, resulting in a reduction in bacterial motility and adhesion, and Cu 2 O formation, as confirmed by motility assay, contact angle measurement, and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The findings suggest the potential use of the Agave sisalana saponins‐glycerol combination as a green, prospective corrosion inhibitor, with promising applications in cooling water systems across various industries.
Journals
2026 EN
Zidan Abdelsalam · Anang Samuel · Ibrahim Mona G.
+1 more
ABSTRACT Although sequential anaerobic/aerobic processes have recently emerged as viable domestic wastewater treatments, their performance under higher organic loading rates (OLRs) requires further investigation to meet economic and sustainability benchmarks. This study evaluates an integrated up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) system, comparing its techno‐economic performance to a standalone UASB unit. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mass balance analysis revealed that 32%–54% of influent COD was converted to methane (CH 4 ) and 17%–22% to sludge, yielding 205–255 L CH 4 per kg of COD removed. The subsequent DHS unit provided robust polishing, achieving total removal efficiencies of 62%–94% for COD, 75%–95% for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 81%–94% for total suspended solids (TSS), 28–72% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and 63–100% for NH 4 + ‐N at an OLR of 0.84–5.43 kg COD/(m 3 ·d). Furthermore, sludge pyrolysis produced a nutrient‐rich, calcite‐composed biochar (yield: 0.54 g/g dry sludge) suitable for soil amendment. Economic analysis, incorporating biogas and biochar sales, carbon credits, and pollutant shadow pricing, confirmed the system's feasibility. As such, the profitability criteria were estimated as a payback period of 5.9 years, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 11.0%, and a net present value (NPV) of 3485 US$. Given the superior life cycle assessment (LCA) results regarding carbon footprint and ecosystem health, this UASB/DHS/pyrolysis strategy warrants further research into biochar's role in enhancing biogas and digestate quality throughout the project lifetime.
Journals
2026 EN
Shukri Nurul Afifah Md · Lutpi Nabilah Aminah · Wong YeeShian
+5 more
ABSTRACT This study unravels the intermolecular mechanistic degradation of palm oil mill effluent (POME) in sulfate removal, utilizing a distinctive coagulant derived from naturally abundant limestone (CaCO 3 ), which was activated into calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH) 2 ] through calcination and exothermic reactions. Sulfate was reduced from POME by 88.76% with the optimal conditions (pH 5, 200 g/L Ca(OH) 2 dosage, and 135 min settling time) with strong correlation ( r = 0.8237) and statistically significant ( p = 0.0064) of Pearson's correlation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) revealed an ideal morphology and elemental composition with reduction of 4.4753 m 2 /g surface area in Ca(OH) 2 to slurry. Kinetic studies evaluated that sulfate removal at 4400 mg/L strongly followed the second‐order model with a high coefficient of determination ( R 2 = 0.9883). Analysis using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) detected the formation of 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐heptanol (C 11 H 24 O). Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of Ca(OH) 2 from CaCO 3 as an efficient material for POME additional treatment, helping reduce VOCs and improve the value of industrial wastewater.
Journals
2026 EN
Balakrishnan Nanthini ap · Parvin Shahanaz · Jamshed Wasim
+3 more
Abstract Triple diffusive convection (or triple diffusion) arises in fluid systems, where three different scalar gradients (typically heat, solute 1, and solute 2) drive buoyancy and interact with each other through diffusion. Triple diffusive can be observed in the biomedicine field, such as dialysis and blood perfusion. Motivated by the development of triple diffusion, therefore, a mathematical model of 2D triple diffusive boundary layer flow (BLF) of Carreau fluid induced by an inclined compressing plate is developed. The sodium chloride (NaCl) and sucrose (C 12 H 22 O 11 ) are assumed to be submerged into Carreau fluid to form triple diffusive flow with the occurrence of a temperature gradient. Regulating variables, such as buoyancy rate, radiation, and thermophoresis factors make up the suggested model. Furthermore, the present framework has been influenced by the variety of these numbers: Schmidt, Soret, and Dufour. First, the motion, thermal property, and mass property of NaCl‐C 12 H 22 O 11 /Carreau fluid are combined into a partial differential equations (PDEs) to represent the mathematical model. These partition numbers will next be transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Final ODEs are solved numerically using a solver known as bvp4c in the MATLAB software. The velocity increment is affected by the buoyancy ratio parameters for sodium chloride and sucrose. All the thermal parameters are found to enhance the temperature profile. The physical parameters related to the flow variation (skin friction coefficient) increase when the opposing buoyancy ratio parameter increases. The Dufour number owned by the sucrose molecule causes the local Nusselt number to be increase. For each NaCl and C 12 H 22 O 11 , the local Sherwood numbers decrease due to the increasing Soret number.
Journals
2026 EN
Fouad Sara S. · Heggy Essam · Amrouni Oula
+7 more
Abstract We are grateful for Darwish's interest in our paper, Fouad et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004883 ). In this reply, we show that Fouad et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004883 ) did not attribute building collapses in Alexandria solely to hydroclimatic factors, as stated in the comment. Instead, we emphasize that hydroclimatic drivers are presented as accelerators, with other anthropogenic influences explicitly stated in the original paper. Moreover, our response proves that Darwish (2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006885 )'s simplistic statistical approach is physically incorrect and obscures absolute risk by normalizing actual building collapse rates to the total number of buildings within a city. Furthermore, our reply shows that the comment conflates the distinct measurement of soil relaxation using shallow isotope mapping at the city scale, as conducted in Fouad et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004883 ), with deep structural geotechnical assessments for foundation design of individual buildings. The utility and complementarity of both methods are already discussed in Fouad et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004883 ). We acknowledge that the statement on the “7,000 at‐risk buildings” is only mentioned in the abstract and is inadvertently missed in the main text; however, the calculation leading to this result is detailed in our supplementary data set and methods. Accordingly, Darwish (2026, https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef006885 )'s comment, while appreciated, misinterprets Fouad et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF004883 ) and overlooks the contemporary literature on Alexandria's hydrogeological and coastal dynamic contexts and their implications for infrastructure instability.