Inability to Maintain Metaphase-II Arrest due to Increase of Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Eggs

Maintenance of metaphase-II (M-II) arrest until fertilization is required to maintain the haploidy and presence of first polar body (PB-I) is a morphological indicator of egg quality. The environmental changes, stress and other factors could induce spontaneous exit from metaphase-II arrest (EM-II), a first sign of abortive spontaneous egg activation (SEA) that deteriorates egg quality in few mammalian species including rat. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) play a major role in oocyte meiosis but their role in abortive SEA remains ill understood. We examined ROS, Ca2+, and maturation promoting factor (MPF) levels. We observed that postovulatory aging induced EM-II in vivo as evident by initiation of extrusion of second polar body (PB-II) but never completed. The ROS and cytosolic free Ca2+levels were increased that resulted in MPF destabilization and thereby EM-II. In summary, our study suggests that inability of rat eggs to maintain M-II arrest may be due to premature onset of Ca2+- and/or ROS-mediated MPF destabilization that deteriorates egg quality. The poor-quality egg directly impacts reproductive outcome in several mammalian species.

Study and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reaction Patterns Among Organ Transplant Patients Receiving Tacrolimus Therapy in a Real World Post-Marketing Experience

With the availability of many immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of solid organ transplantation increase to a life span of patients who is receiving tacrolimus separately for End Stage of liver, heart and lung, kidney. But after all success of solid organ transplantation is purely dependent on proper course of immunosuppressive therapy. Tacrolimus is lactones antibiotic isolated from the fermentation of streptomyces tstkubaeis. This calcineurin inhibitor widely used for its immunosuppressive properties to increase patient survival and prevent graft function, organ rejection in solid organ transplant and graft-versus-host disease in transplant patients suppresses to enzyme for the growth of B cells and T cells. It was first approved for use to prevent graft rejection in 1994 for liver transplantation and in 1997 for kidney transplantation. The outcomes of this drug have varied due to differences in induction and maintenance therapy, drug dosing and monitoring. The aim of this study of an assessment and reporting of adverse drug reaction was to analyze the case reports of literature critically, conducted to monitor and evaluated the adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of immunosuppressive drug regimens, its causality, severity in therapy which is used various organ transplant patients and to document the pharmacotherapeutic actions taken for its management.

Food Chemicals Induces Toxic Effect on Health: Overview

Production of food and its preservation for long time may involve addition of chemicals. Hence, chemical substances can play an important role in food production and preservation. For.e.g. the additives in the food prolong the shelf life of foods; colours, make food more attractive. Flavouring agents like aldehydes make food tastier. Unlike any other industry, agriculture is also a part of industry. The agriculture industry relies heavily on large number of chemicals which may be toxic in nature. Some of these chemicals may get absorbed by our body. Accordingly the use of chemicals involved in production, harvesting (collection), processing, packing, transport, marketing and consumption creates deleterious effect on both human and ecology. Majority of the additives in the food may lead to headache, nausea, weakness and difficulty in breathing. The research on nerve cells has shown these chemicals to cause toxic effect on nerve cells. Although the toxicants cannot be avoided, but the level can be reduced by adopting or making use of organic, sustainable and less toxic options.

Food Chemicals Induces Toxic Effect on Health: Overview

Production of food and its preservation for long time may involve addition of chemicals. Hence, chemical substances can play an important role in food production and preservation. For.e.g. the additives in the food prolong the shelf life of foods; colours, make food more attractive. Flavouring agents like aldehydes make food tastier. Unlike any other industry, agriculture is also a part of industry. The agriculture industry relies heavily on large number of chemicals which may be toxic in nature. Some of these chemicals may get absorbed by our body. Accordingly the use of chemicals involved in production, harvesting (collection), processing, packing, transport, marketing and consumption creates deleterious effect on both human and ecology. Majority of the additives in the food may lead to headache, nausea, weakness and difficulty in breathing. The research on nerve cells has shown these chemicals to cause toxic effect on nerve cells. Although the toxicants cannot be avoided, but the level can be reduced by adopting or making use of organic, sustainable and less toxic options.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Causes and Prevention

1 Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618) 2 Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt (Affiliation ID: 60014618) 3 University College of Pharmacy, Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh, Raipur (C.G.), India

Interactions between neurotropic pathogens, neuroinflammatory pathways, and autophagic neural cell death

In recent times, there has been a significant increase in studies focusing on immunological functions of autophagy, however, knowledge of its roles and regulations in the central nervous system remains unclear. Present reviews highlight the molecular cross talk between host cell autophagy with inflammatory pathways in the context of neuro-infections. Intracellular pathogens might have an ability to manipulate the autophagy regulation process. An augmented autophagy and inflammation at the site of infection is traditionally considered host protective. Moreover, host cell autophagy might also facilitate pathogen survivability and multiplication in the brain environment. Consequently, an excessive autophagy and neuroinflammatory process do put surrounding healthy brain tissue at risk of pathogen invasion. The question arises, whether there are any known direct interactions of intracellular neurotropic pathogens with this degradative pathway that favour intracerebral pathogen survival and growth? It is worth exploring any such cooperation between pathogen factors and altered immune pathways that modulate autophagy regulatory genes causing massive neuronal damage. A detailed understanding of molecular mechanisms in microbial pathogenesis, neuroinflammatory and neuronal autophagy pathways might identify novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers.

Effect of Soil Amendments on White Blister Development of Aamaranthus bicolor Incited by Albugo bliti

Evaluation of Water Use Efficiency of Rice Genotypes under Different Rice Establishment Methods and Different Growing Environment

In vitro Regeneration of Recalcitrant Green Gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) from Immature Cotyledons for Genetic Improvement

Influence of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yields and Nutrient Uptake of Soybean (Glyscine max Merril L.) under Jhabua Hills