Free as in Free Word Order: An Energy Based Model for Word Segmentation and Morphological Tagging in Sanskrit

The configurational information in sentences of a free word order language such as Sanskrit is of limited use. Thus, the context of the entire sentence will be desirable even for basic processing tasks such as word segmentation. We propose a structured prediction framework that jointly solves the word segmentation and morphological tagging tasks in Sanskrit. We build an energy based model where we adopt approaches generally employed in graph based parsing techniques (McDonald et al., 2005a; Carreras, 2007). Our model outperforms the state of the art with an F-Score of 96.92 (percentage improvement of 7.06%) while using less than one tenth of the task-specific training data. We find that the use of a graph based approach instead of a traditional lattice-based sequential labelling approach leads to a percentage gain of 12.6% in F-Score for the segmentation task.

A study on chemical weed management in boro rice: A review

Characteristically boro rice is winter season, photo-insensitive, transplanted rice cultivated on supplemental irrigation, often under conditions, where farmers’ are not able to take any other rabi season crop. Butachlor, pretilachlor, bispyribac-sodium and anilofos are the most commonly used herbicides for control of weeds in boro rice. Weed competition is one of the prime yield limiting biotic constraints resulting in yield reduction to the tune of 28 to 45%. Echinochloa spp., Cynodon dactylon, Portulaca quadrifida and Cyperus spp. are the major weeds responsible for yield reduction in boro rice. However, continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides for a longer period may result in buildup of problematic weeds and also development of herbicide resistance in weeds. It is therefore, necessary to review the performance of promising herbicides for chemical weed management to improve the production and productivity of boro rice under the climate change scenario.

Studies on physico-chemical and functional properties of some natural Indian gums

Natural gums, which have a polysaccharide backbone, are widely used in the food processing industry as binders, thickeners and texturizing agents. Although all are hydrocolloids and physico-chemical properties of various gums have been described by various workers, there appears to be lack of detailed studies on their functional properties, which show appreciable differences. The present study was carried out to determine the key functional characteristics of commercially important natural gums. These included flow, solubility, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, angle of repose, bulk and true density, and coefficient of friction. The bulk density of various gums ranged from 0.95-1.20 g/mL, the lowest densities was that of Babool gum and the highest was of Piyar gum. The compressibility index of various gums ranged from 1 to 38.75%. Khair gum showed the highest solubility (83.65%) and Karaya gum showed the lowest solubility (60.06%). Psyllium gum showed the highest water holding capacity whereas gum Acacia showed the lowest value. Oil holding capacity of different gums varied from 114.66 to 214.66 (g oil/100 g gum). Ghatti and Piyar gums (38.13°) showed comparative decrease in angle of repose, whereas Guar gum showed an angle of repose of 39.80°.

Studies on physico-chemical and functional properties of some natural Indian gums

Natural gums, which have a polysaccharide backbone, are widely used in the food processing industry as binders, thickeners and texturizing agents. Although all are hydrocolloids and physico-chemical properties of various gums have been described by various workers, there appears to be lack of detailed studies on their functional properties, which show appreciable differences. The present study was carried out to determine the key functional characteristics of commercially important natural gums. These included flow, solubility, water holding capacity and oil holding capacity, angle of repose, bulk and true density, and coefficient of friction. The bulk density of various gums ranged from 0.95-1.20 g/mL, the lowest densities was that of Babool gum and the highest was of Piyar gum. The compressibility index of various gums ranged from 1 to 38.75%. Khair gum showed the highest solubility (83.65%) and Karaya gum showed the lowest solubility (60.06%). Psyllium gum showed the highest water holding capacity whereas gum Acacia showed the lowest value. Oil holding capacity of different gums varied from 114.66 to 214.66 (g oil/100 g gum). Ghatti and Piyar gums (38.13°) showed comparative decrease in angle of repose, whereas Guar gum showed an angle of repose of 39.80°.

The efficacy of weed management practices with crop geometries on growth, yield and economic viability of clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L). Taub.] varieties

The field experiment carried out during kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, RVSKVV, Gwalior; Madhya Pradesh indicated that HG 2-20 (V2) was significantly superior under weed control efficiency, crop growth and yield attributes, seed yield and economics over HG 563 (V1). 30 cm x 10 cm (S1) crop geometry observed significantly effective over 45 cm x 6.5 cm (S2). Weed free situation (W5) was significantly superior in similar parameters; while lower values were observed under weedy plot (W6). Among herbicidal treatments; Imazethapyr 35% WG + Imazamox 35% WG (Pre-mix) @ 40 g a.i./ha (W4) followed by Imazethapyr 10% EC @ 75 g a.i./ha (W3) were achieved statistically at par and significantly effective results over rest of the treatments. In case of interaction; the significantly superior values were registered under interaction of HG 2-20 (V2) with 30 cm x 10 cm (S1) to weed free situation (W5) over rest of the interactions. Among interaction of herbicidal treatments with varieties and crop geometries; Imazethapyr 35% WG + Imazamox 35% WG (Pre-mix) @ 40 g a.i./ha (W4) combined with HG 2-20 (V2) and 30 cm x 10 cm (S1) earned significantly effective over other interactions.

An Observation on Morphogenetic Response of Marchantia polymorpha subsp. ruderalis Bischl. and Boissel.-Dub. in Different Culture Media

Himalayas are important for its influence on the climate of much of Asia, and ecosystem services, which serve some 1.3 billion people living in 10 river basins that originate from the region. The region is warming rapidly and is highly vulnerable to climate change. This review (i) sheds light on some fairly well established facts about climate change inHimalayas, (ii) makes an attempt to give an integrated picture of its impact on various components, and (iii) discusses complexities in generalizing the findings. Himalayas are warming at 2-3 time higher rates than global average rate, at least in some areas. The rate of warming is increasing in time and with elevation. As for rainfall, uncertainty is high, but generally predictions are for more violent events. According to an analysis based on 75 glaciers, 63 glaciers are showing shrinkage and 12 growth, however, their (growing ones) measurements are of low confidence level. The contribution of glacier and snow melt to total river discharge varies from 5-60% from west to east. Violent extreme events and glacier melt lakes are predicted to generate more disasters. The intensification of pre-monsoon drought is likely to be a critical climate change factor, affecting several ecological processes and social behaviour. Its examples are drying of water springs, suppression of treeline and desiccation of seeds of the species in which seeds remain lying on ground for a relatively longer period before conditions for germination become favourable, and spread of forest fires. The intensified water shortage is a threat even to tourism supporting capacity of the region. Apple cultivation in the state of Himachal Pradesh is getting adversely affected by the lack of sufficient winter-chilling. Some interventions are possible to undertake to address climate change impact. They include addressing data gaps, particularly with regard to changes in glacier ice mass, volumes and timing of river flows, frequency and duration of extreme events, transboundary cooperation, and development of translational ecology research in which scientists work in a close partnership with stakeholders and administrators. The Himalayan region is disproportionately affected by climate change induced disasters and miseries, though the region's per capita fossil fuel consumption is ridiculously low, raising a issue ofclimate change justice.

In vitro conservation strategy for endemic and endangered Himalayan liverwort Stephensoniella brevipedunculata Kashyap (Marchantiophyta)

During the present study an effort has been made to propagate (in-vitro) the endangered and endemic Himalayan liverwort Stephensoniella brevipedunculata Kashyap using different culture media under controlled Laboratory conditions. Axenic cultures of the taxon have been established using tubers as explants. Seven combinations of media with Full Strength Knop’s macronutrients; Half-strength Knop’s macronutrients; Half-strength Knop’s macronutrients + Vitamins; Halfstrength Knop’s macronutrients + 0.2 mg L-1 IBA + 0.1 mg L-1 BAP; Half-strength Knop’s macronutrients + 0.1 mg L-1 Kinetin + 0.1 mg L-1 2,4D; Half-strength Knop’s macronutrients + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA + 0.2 mg L-1 BAP and Hoagland no. 2 basal salt mixture were used for culture. The best growth was observed in the Hoagland no. 2 basal salt mixture medium, in which dichotomously branched young thalli were successfully formed. Subsequently healthy population of culture grown plants has been raised on soil in pots for the first time.

Development and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential of Polyherbal Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Animal Model

Herbal drugs play an important role in the development of potent therapeutic agents. Furthermore, it has proven their potential for the prevention of several ailments. Earlier human beings started their studies on diseases and its treatments, but there was no evidence found that people have prehistoric use of synthetic medicines for their sickness [1]. However, they struggled to make use of the things, which could easily procure. The most common thing was found in their surrounding was Abstract

A survey and analysis of page ranking through data mining and advanced techniques

A comparative study of web ranking analysis based on I-ACO and R-PSO