In this study of reconfigurable antenna technology is presented. The important applications that can be used with the reconfiguring techniques, studying the history of this technology in brief literature survey is examined. A detailed information on the technique background information are specified, reviewing the different reconfigurable components, which can be used in an antenna to adjust its functionality and construction. These reconfigurable antenna techniques are divided with a different classification method and explain whichever established on the physical changes of the reconfigurable antenna radiating parts, or on the integration of varactors, photoconductive components, PIN diodes, or on the function of materials etc. the designed covers the Fixed-Satellite (space-to-Earth), Mobile satellite 19.7GHz to 20.2GHz applications.
This research article aims to develop Load Frequency Control (LFC) of equal three area with individual area comprises single thermal sys-tem and wind system and appropriated 3% of Generation rate constraint (GRC) is considered for thermal system to make non-linearity to overall system. For automatic generation control (AGC) the proposed secondary controller is a two degree of freedom (DOF) based frac-tional order Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) controller and used to reduce error for this study. For optimizing the gains of this pro-posed controller in a suitable manner a newly deterministic algorithm called Whale Optimization algorithm (WOA) is applied. Comparative performance analysis of different controllers like FO-2DOF-PID, 2DOF-PID, and PID is done in respect of settling time and peak over-shoot. Apart from this to improve quality of different dynamic responses some FACTS devices like Interlined power flow controller(IPFC), Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) and Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) are implemented with FO-2DOF-PID controller and for superiority analysis a comparison is made between above optimized controllers.
Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is the interconnection of several self-energy dependent mobile nodes. It is one of the self-configured and infrastructure less network. In MANET the issues are security, Quality Of Services, Congestion etc. The major issue of MANET is to control the congestion. Congestion means the network capacity is larger than the no of packets transmitted across the network. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate and analyze the performance of the network by means of comparing two on-demand reactive routing protocols such as AODV [Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector] and DSR [Dynamic Source Routing] with each other along with also by comparing with DSDV [Destination Sequenced Distance Vector], which is a proactive routing protocol. The comparison is also being made under the light of two queue management techniques such as RED (Random Early Detection) and Droptail. A gateway discovery algorithm is being used by both AODV and DSR routing protocols, which uses the mechanism of connecting mobile nodes through gateway, however Bellman-Ford algorithm is being used by DSDV which uses the concept of including freedom from loops in the routing table. By means of simulation through NS-2 network simulator by varying the number of nodes, we observe that the performance differentials of AODV, DSR, and DSDV routing protocols are directed to foremost performance differentials to guarantee QoS for both of these protocols in RED and Droptail queue management techniques. There is a lot of queue management approach to minimize the congestion rate and transfer the data successfully to the destination. Two queue management techniques popularly used to manage queues in MANets are Active queue management and Passive queue management. Active queue management is widely used and RED is the most popular approach which gives low average delay, high throughput and lower packet drop rate. But RED algorithms have some drawback. So here we are using a hybrid approach, named as MRED by means of combining the features of both RED and ECN to overcome the drawbacks of RED.
The world is running in a lightning speed with the rapid up gradation of technology. In fraction of second human civilization experiences a unique set of technologies and for this human sentiment started to demand better quality of service in almost all the areas which provides ease to it by minimizing human work efforts. Communication becomes an integral part of this rapidly changing technology. From the introduction of internet, the taste and preferences of virtual communication has been changed. A new technology called as Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANet) is also getting its popularity due to its infrastructure less and mobility property. The rapid increase in demand for use of MANets tends it to further development to provide better quality of service. However Congestion in these networks creates a challenge to achieve desired Quality of Service. Different Queue Management techniques such as Passive and Active Queue management techniques are used to minimize the congestion in these networks which uses the concept of managing the buffers though algorithms. The Passive Queue Management technique Droptail, in the introduction stage, somehow manages to increase its efficiency. However in later stage, when data traffic increases, due to global synchronization problem many other algorithms including active queue management techniques such as RED and variants, REM have been developed to increase the efficiency by decreasing the congestion. The concepts even travel from congestion control to congestion avoidance. In this paper we have taken into account different passive and active queue management techniques and compared them based on our literature review to find out the best among them by considering different situations.