A major focus of international health and development goals is the reduction of mortality rates in children under 5 years of age. Achieving this requires understanding the drivers of mortality and how they vary geographically to facilitate the targeting and prioritisation of appropriate interventions. Much of our knowledge on the causes of, and trends in, childhood mortality come from longitudinal demographic surveillance sites, with a renewed focus recently on the establishment and growth of networks of sites from which standardised outputs can facilitate broader understanding of processes. To ensure that the collective outputs from surveillance sites can be used to derive a comprehensive understanding and monitoring system for driving policy on tackling childhood mortality, confidence is needed that existing and planned networks of sites are providing a reliable and representative picture of the geographical variation in factors associated with mortality. Here, we assembled subnational data on childhood mortality as well as key factors known to be associated with it from household surveys in 27 sub-Saharan African countries. We then mapped the locations of existing longitudinal demographic surveillance sites to assess the extent of current coverage of the range of factors, identifying where gaps exist. The results highlight regions with unique combinations of factors associated with childhood mortality that are poorly represented by the current distribution of sites, such as southern Mali, central Nigeria and southern Zambia. Finally, we determined where the establishment of new surveillance systems could improve coverage.
An enormous number of labourers engaged in construction industry in India both in organised and unorganised sectors. The construction labourers regularly work for a broadened time frame and they are compiled to maintain adjusted static and dynamic working positions in unbalanced locations during the total time of work which raises the demand of the musculoskeletal system and may lead to work related musculoskeletal ailments. Objective This study is proposed to investigate the operational position and work related musculoskeletal ailments among the construction workers. One eighty four male workers from various construction sites of West Bengal was indiscriminately taken for this study. Methods A modified Nordic questionnaire on MSD and the 12 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) were administered on the construction labourers. REBA and OWAS posture analysis techniques were applied to evaluate the awkward postures. At last, discomfort levels of the particular working positions were figured by the use of risk level and BPD scale. Results From the study it was uncovered that the greater part of the construction labourers frequently in unbalanced and awkward working position and were allied by different work-related contributing factors like pain in low back, neck, and wrist. It has been likewise discovered that there is a significant (p<0.05) association between the intensity of pain feeling, age, year of working experience and risk level of the individual working postures of the labourers. Conclusion Suitable work-rest schedule, revisions of some working techniques and use of some ergonomically modified tools may decrease the WMSDs and enhance the health eminence and wellbeing distinction of construction labourers in unorganised sectors.
We study the propagation of a neutrino in a medium that consists of two ormore thermal backgrounds of electrons and nucleons moving with some relativevelocity, in the presence of a static and homogeneous electromagnetic field. Wecalculate the neutrino self-energy and dispersion relation using the linearthermal Schwinger propagator, we give the formulas for the dispersion relationand discuss general features of the results obtained, in particular the effectsof the stream contributions. As a specific example we discuss in some detailthe case of a magnetized two-stream electron, i.e., two electron backgroundswith a relative velocity $\vec v$ in the presence of a magnetic field. For aneutrino propagating with momentum $\vec k$, in the presence of the stream theneutrino dispersion relation acquires an anisotropic contribution of the form$\hat k\cdot\vec v$ in addition to the well known term $\hat k\cdot\vec B$, aswell as an additional contribution proportional to $\vec B\cdot\vec v$. Weconsider the contribution from a nucleon stream background as an example ofother possible stream backgrounds, and comment on possible generalizations totake into account the effects of inhomogeneous fields. We explain why a term ofthe form $\hat k\cdot(\vec v\times\vec B)$ does not appear in the dispersionrelation in the constant field case, while a term of similar form can appear inthe presence of an inhomogeneous field involving its gradient.
The VHE emission from the HBLs H 2356-309 and 1ES 1101-232 were observed byHESS telescopes during 2004--2007. Particularly the observation in 2004 from H2356-309 and during 2004--2005 from 1ES 1101-232 were analyzed to derive strongupper limits on the EBL which was found to be consistent with the lower limitsfrom the integrated light of resolved galaxies. Here we have used thephotohadronic model corroborated by two template EBL models to fit the observedVHE gamma-ray data from these two HBLs and to predict their intrinsic spectra.We obtain very good fit to the VHE spectra of these two HBLs. However, thepredicted intrinsic spectra are different for each EBL model. For the HBL H2356-309, we obtain a flat intrinsic spectrum and for 1ES 1101-232 the spectrumis mildly harder than 2 but much softer than 1.5.
We study the electromagnetic coupling of a neutrino that propagates in atwo-stream electron background medium. Specifically, we calculate theelectromagnetic vertex function for a medium that consists of a \emph{normal}electron background plus another electron \emph{stream} background that ismoving with a velocity four-vector $v^\mu$ relative to the normal background.The results can be used as the basis for studying the neutrino electromagneticproperties and various processes in such a medium. As an application, wecalculate the neutrino dispersion relation in the presence of an externalmagnetic field ($\vec B$), focused in the case in which $B$ is inhomogeneous,keeping only the terms of the lowest order in $1/m^2_W$ and linear in the $B$and its gradient. We show that the dispersion relation contains additionalanisotropic terms involving the derivatives of $\vec B$, such as the gradientof $\hat k\cdot(\vec v\times\vec B)$, which involve the stream backgroundvelocity, and a term of the form $\hat k\cdot(\nabla\times \vec B)$ that can bepresent in the absence of the stream background, in addition to a term of theform $\hat k\cdot\vec v$ and the well known term $\hat k\cdot\vec B$ thatarises in the constant $\vec B$ case. The derivative-dependent terms are evenunder a $CP$ transformation. As a result, in contrast to the latter two justmentioned, they depend on the sum of the particle and antiparticle densitiesand therefore can be non-zero in a $CP$-symmetric medium in which the particleand antiparticle densities are equal.
Markarian 421 is a high-peaked BL Lac object and it has undergone many strongoutbursts since its discovery as a TeV source in 1992. Markarian 421 has beenstud- ied intensively and was observed by various Cherenkov tele- scope arraysever since. The outbursts of April 2004 observed by the Whipple telescope andof February 2010 by the HESS telescopes are explained well in this work byusing the photohadronic model. To account for the attenuation of these high-energy gamma-rays by the extragalactic background light (EBL), we use templateEBL models. The intrinsic spectrum of each epoch is different even though thehigh-energy protons have almost the same spectral index. We observe that thisdifference in intrinsic spectra is due to the change in the spectral index ofthe low-energy tail of the synchrotron self Compton (SSC) photons duringdifferent epochs of flaring. Our results show that the contemporaneousmultiwavelength observations, particularly in the low-energy tail region of theSSC emission of the source, are important in explaining the flaring phenomenon.
We study entanglement generation between a system qubit and three apparatusqubits using an exactly solvable Arthurs-Kelly type model. We demonstrate thepossibility of generating an EPR-like maximally entangled system-apparatusstate, in which the second qubit of the usual EPR state is replaced by a threequbit state. We design a very simple protocol to transfer the unknown state ofthe system onto one of the apparatus qubits which can then be sent elsewherevia a quantum channel. This protocol can be seen as an alternativeteleportation scheme.