Identification of suitable candidate reference genes is an important prerequisite for validating the gene expression data obtained from downstream analysis of RNA sequencing using quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Though existence of a universal reference gene is myth, commonly used reference genes can be assessed for expression stability to confer their suitability to be used as candidate reference genes in gene expression studies. In this study, we evaluated the expression stability of ten most commonly used reference genes ( GAPDH , ACTB , HSP90 , HMBS , 18S rRNA , B2M , POLR2A , HPRT1 , ACAC , YWHAZ ) in fourteen different Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) infected tissues of goats and sheep. RefFinder and RankAggreg software were used to deduce comprehensive ranking of reference genes. Our results suggested HMBS and B2M in goats and HMBS and HPRT1 in sheep can be used as suitable endogenous controls in gene expression studies of PPRV infection irrespective of tissues and condition as a whole, thus eliminating the use of tissue specific/ condition specific endogenous controls. We report for the first time suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in PPRV infected tissues. The reference genes determined here can be useful for future studies on gene expression in sheep and goat infected with PPRV, thus saving extra efforts and time of repeating the reference gene determination and validation.
The resistance due to the convergence from bulk to a constriction, forexample, a nanopore, is a mainstay of transport phenomena. In classicalelectrical conduction, Maxwell, and later Hall for ionic conduction, predictedthis access or convergence resistance to be independent of the bulk dimensionsand inversely dependent on the pore radius, $a$, for a perfectly circular pore.More generally, though, this resistance is contextual, it depends on thepresence of functional groups/charges and fluctuations, as well as the(effective) constriction geometry/dimensions. Addressing the contextgenerically requires all-atom simulations, but this demands enormous resourcesdue to the algebraically decaying nature of convergence. We develop afinite-size scaling analysis, reminiscent of the treatment of criticalphenomena, that makes the convergence resistance accessible in suchsimulations. This analysis suggests that there is a "golden aspect ratio" forthe simulation cell that yields the infinite system result with a finitesystem. We employ this approach to resolve the experimental and theoreticaldiscrepancies in the radius-dependence of graphene nanopore resistance.
In this report, we present a simple, swift mechanochemical synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) using a kitchen grinder. By adopting this tool, we could synthesize ZIF-8, CuBTC, and MIL-100(Fe) in multi gram-scale and successfully employ MIL-100(Fe)-KG for the efficient (ca. 98%) removal of an organic dye (methylene blue) from aqueous solution. In particular, we demonstrated the significance of pore aperture for effective dye adsorption by comparing the adsorption behaviours of ZIF-8-KG and MIL-100(Fe)-KG. We believe that this approach could be of economic interest towards the green synthesis of porous adsorbents for waste-water treatment.
Fused pyrimidines composed of alternating heteroatoms and a pyrimidine moiety were synthesized efficiently using readily available starting material 4-hydroxycoumarin, aromatic aldehydes, and urea/thiourea at room temperature.
This study presents an image denoising technique using multiscale non‐local means (NLM) filtering combined with hard thresholding in curvelet domain. The inevitable ringing artefacts in the reconstructed image – due to thresholding – is further processed using a guided image filter for better preservation of local structures like edges, textures and small details. The authors decomposed the image into three different curvelet scales including the approximation and the fine scale. The low‐frequency noise in the approximation sub‐band and the edges with small textural details in the fine scale are processed independently using a multiscale NLM filter. On the other hand, the hard thresholding in the remaining coarser scale is applied to separate the signal and the noise subspace. Experimental results on both greyscale and colour images indicate that the proposed approach is competitive at lower noise strength with respect to peak signal to noise ratio and structural similarity index measure and excels in performance at higher noise strength compared with several state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
This paper highlights qualitatively and quantitatively research and presents a valuable overview of new citation enhanced databases in the context of research evaluation for the productivity of Prof. Jayant V. Narlikar. He has total 472 research publications in the fields of Astronomy and Astrophysics (AA) published from 1961-2015. In addition, this paper provides an overview of the citation-enhanced databases viz Astrophysics Data System Beta: A powerful new interface for performing citation analysis. Previously, scientometrics had been used to measure the publication productivity of Prof. Jayant V. Narlikar using the Astrophysics Data System (ADS). The scope of this paper is limited to Astrophysics Data System Beta. The result indicates that most of his papers are published in peer reviewed journals having the highest Impact Factor. The average number of publications per year is 8.74 and with the maximum papers published during 1981-1990 and 1996-2000. The total number of citations for his publications is 3516 covering 665 of his papers published during 1961-1970. He had many research collaborations, specifically with Prof. F. Hoyle (87 papers), Prof. G. Burbidge (38 papers), Prof. N. Wickramasinghe (22 papers) and Prof. T. Padmanabhan (21 papers).
Two-phase materials are commonly used in engineering application because of its various properties like strength, thermal conductivity, durability and toughness etc. Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of two-phase material is the fundamental property to predict its thermal performance. Various geometry (spheres, cylinders, irregular particles) have been considered by researchers for calculating ETC of two-phase materials. Due to complex structure, hollow circular cylinder geometry is not reported yet. In this paper, two-dimensional periodic two-phase system, with hollow circular cylinder shape is considered for calculating ETC. In present work unit cell approach method is used to derive collocated parameters model for estimation of ETC. Hollow circular cylinder model with Ψ = 0.2 gives good result for estimating ETC with average percentage error of 6.46%.
In recent years, significant developments have been noticed in nondestructive techniques for damage detection in cracked structures. Some of the proposed methods can be used to find out the existence of the crack; other methods locate and simultaneously find out the damage severity. In the current investigation, a novel hybridised method is proposed for damage detection in structural elements. The proposed method can be used to investigate both location and nature of damage in structures within a reasonable time limit. The problem in the current analysis requires a set of dynamic parameters that depend on the dynamics of the cracked structure due to the presence of the crack. In the present study, the first three natural frequencies of a structure are considered as the inputs to find out the damage location. A finite element method is used to generate the first three natural frequencies of a cracked cantilever beam with multiple cracks. A method hybridizing the nature-inspired artificial intelligence techniques has been implemented for crack detection. Here, clonal selection algorithm and genetic algorithm have been integrated to design the framework of the hybrid technique. The changes in the natural frequencies are given as inputs to the hybrid technique and the output from the technique is the locations of damage.