Phenotypic Characterization and Isolation of Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cells

Abstract Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are heterogenous populations of immature myeloid cells that can be divided into two main subpopulations, polymorphonuclear (PMN) MDSCs and monocytic (M) MDSCs. These cells accumulate during chronic inflammation and induce immunosuppression evident in an array of pathologies such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and infectious and autoimmune diseases. Herein, we describe methods to isolate and characterize MDSCs from various murine tissue, as well as to phenotype blood‐derived MDSCs from patients. The protocols describe methods for isolation of total MDSCs and their subpopulations, for characterization, and for evaluation of their distribution within tissue, as well as for assessing their maturation stage by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence analyses, and Giemsa staining. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 : Single‐cell suspension generation from different tissue Alternate Protocol 1 : Single‐cell suspension generation from subcutaneous melanoma tumors Basic Protocol 2 : Characterization of MDSC phenotype Basic Protocol 3 : Cell separation using magnetic beads: Separating pan‐MDSCs or PMN‐MDSC and M‐MDSC subpopulations Alternate Protocol 2 : Staining and preparing MDSCs for sorting Support Protocol : PMN‐MDSC and M‐MDSC gating strategy in mouse Basic Protocol 4 : Immunofluorescence analysis of MDSCs Basic Protocol 5 : Handling human blood samples and characterizing human MDSCs Alternate Protocol 3 : Flow cytometry staining of thawed human whole blood samples

QoS‐aware IoT networks and protocols: A comprehensive survey

Summary The vast number of smart cloud applications that communicate with the “things” over a variety of physical networks and communication protocols contribute to the rise of complexity in Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The diversity of end‐user requirements related to the volume of generated data, its variety, and the velocity of its transmission makes quality of service (QoS) provisioning even more crucial and challenging in IoT. This paper provides a comprehensive and up‐to‐date survey of QoS support in IoT networks and communication protocols. An analysis of the QoS‐aware IoT architectures, layer‐dependent QoS metrics, and network resource optimization methods utilized in IoT systems are given. The limitations of the current state‐of‐the‐art studies for efficient delivery of QoS metrics are discussed. The paper concludes with future research directions on end‐to‐end QoS provisioning in IoT.

Effect of macronutrient fertilization on olive oil composition and quality under irrigated, intensive cultivation management

BACKGROUND Intensive olive ( Olea europaea L.) orchards are fertilized, mostly with the macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The effects of different application levels of these nutrients on olive oil composition and quality were studied over 6 years in a commercial intensively cultivated ‘Barnea’ olive orchard in Israel. RESULTS Oil quality and composition were affected by N, but not P or K availability. Elevated N levels increased free fatty acid content and reduced polyphenol level in the oil. Peroxide value was not affected by N, P or K levels. The relative concentrations of palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids increased with increasing levels of N application, whereas that of oleic acid, monounsaturated‐to‐polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and oleic‐to‐linoleic ratio decreased. CONCLUSION These results indicate that intensive olive orchard fertilization should be carried out carefully, especially where N application is concerned, to avoid a decrease in oil quality due to over‐fertilization. Informed application of macronutrients requires leaf and fruit analyses to establish good agricultural practices, especially in view of the expansion of olive cultivation to new agricultural regions and soils. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Numerical solution of the coupled Burgers equation by trigonometric B‐spline collocation method

In the present study, the coupled Burgers equation is going to be solved numerically by presenting a new technique based on collocation finite element method in which cubic trigonometric and quintic B‐splines are used as approximate functions. In order to support the present study, three test problems given with appropriate initial and boundary conditions are going to be investigated. The newly obtained results are compared with some of the other published numerical solutions available in the literature. The accuracy of the proposed method is discussed by computing the error normsL 2$$ {L}_2 $$ andL ∞$$ {L}_{\infty } $$ . A linear stability analysis of the approximation obtained by the scheme shows that the method is unconditionally stable.

The utility of glucose area under the curve from the oral glucose tolerance test as a screening tool for cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes

Background Consistently abnormal glucose levels on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are the most effective screening tool for cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD). However, some cystic fibrosis (CF) patients demonstrate abnormal glucose profiles not reaching levels required for CFRD diagnosis and are, therefore, left untreated. Since CFRD is associated with disease deterioration, early diagnosis and treatment are desirable. Aim To explore the association between the area under the curve of glucose (G‐AUC) obtained during a five‐point 2‐h standard OGTT and CF disease severity parameters. Methods All CF patients referred for an annual routine OGTT at the Hadassah CF Center between 2002 and 2018, were included. Disease severity parameters were correlated with the G‐AUC. Results Two hundred forty‐two OGTTs were performed in 81 patients (mean age 19.7 ± 9.0 years); 54% were normal, 14% showed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 5% had values in the indeterminate range (INDET), 11% had both IGT and INDET and 16% were diagnosed with CFRD. A gradual increase in mean G‐AUC was observed among the groups. In multivariate regression models, G‐AUC ≥ 295 mg h/dl was independently associated with an increased number of pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). Not all the patients having this value met the CFRD definition. Conclusion Patients who do not fulfill the criteria for CFRD may have abnormal glucose metabolism identifiable by abnormally high G‐AUC values, which may be associated with more PEx. The potential advantage of treating these patients with insulin and the subsequent reduction in PEx needs further investigation.

Laser Patterned Flexible 4T Perovskite‐Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Tandem Mini‐module with Over 18% Efficiency

Perovskite‐Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin‐film tandem technology provides an exciting prospect to achieve low‐cost high‐efficiency photovoltaic devices by high throughput roll‐to‐roll processing on flexible substrates. However, no report on flexible perovskite‐CIGS mini‐modules has been published due to scribing‐related challenges in realizing near‐infrared (NIR)‐transparent perovskite mini‐modules on flexible substrates. Herein, an NIR‐transparent flexible perovskite mini‐module with an efficiency of 10.8% and an NIR‐transparency of over 75% is reported. All‐laser scribed interconnection approach is used to realize monolithic interconnection of mini‐modules on thermally sensitive soft flexible substrate. An analytical method is utilized to optimize the mini‐module layout and achieve a geometric fill factor of over 93%. Further, as a proof of concept, a flexible perovskite‐CIGS tandem mini‐module with an efficiency of 18.4% on an aperture area of 2.03 cm 2 is demonstrated. To conclude, pathways for improving the efficiency of flexible NIR‐transparent perovskite mini‐modules are discussed.

Turkish Jews and their Diasporas

Causal Mechanisms in the Introduction and Development of Unemployment Insurance in Turkey

Architectures of Domination? The Sacralisation of Modernity and the Limits of Ottoman Islamism

Letter to the editor regarding “Is capsulorrhaphy a necessary step during open reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip? A randomized controlled trial”