On the identity of Amegilla sesquicincta (Erichson) and the type species of Dizonamegilla (Hymenoptera: Apidae).

Vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Identitat und Nomenklatur von Amegilla sesquicincta (Erichson). Die Verwendung dieses Namens war lange Zeit unklar. Amegilla sesquicincta ist eine senegalesische Art von unsicherer Identitat. Der auf die indische Art angewendete Name ist jedoch praokkupiert. Deshalb wird sie hiermit A. dizona nom. n. genannt. Amegilla sesquicincta war auch als Typusart der Untergattung Dizonamegilla festgelegt. Aufgrund der Fehlbestimmung dieser Art muss auch die Frage der Typusart neu behandelt werden. Entsprechend den Regeln der ICZN wird A. dizona als Typusart festgelegt.StichworterNomenclature, Amegilla, Senegal, India, Apidae, Anthophila.Nomenklatorische Handlungendizoma Engel, 2009 (Amegilla), nom. n. pro Apis bicincta Fabricius, 1793, nec Schrank, 1781sesquicincta (Erichson, 1842) (Amegilla), nom. dub. described as Megilla sesquicinctabizoma Engel, 2009 (Amegilla (Dizonamegilla)), type species of the subgenus Dizonamegilla

Lobelia rhynchopetalum und das Gewächshaus für tropische Hochgebirgspflanzen im Ökologisch-Botanischen Garten Bayreuth

Lobelia rhynchopetalum, der Athiopische Schopfbaum, kommt endemisch in der afroalpinen Stufe des abessinischen Hochlandes vor und wachst seit 1994 auch im Okologisch-Botanischen Garten der Universitat Bayreuth in einem Spezialgewachshaus fur tropische Hochgebirgspflanzen. Als dieser hapaxanthe Schopfbaum im Jahre 1999 weltweit erstmals in Kultur bluhte, war dies Anlass, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen blutenbiologische Untersuchungen durchzufuhren. Lobelia rhynchopetalum bluht etwa sechs Monate lang und bildet einen rasch wachsenden, mehrere Meter hohen Blutenstand mit tausenden von Einzelbluten. Die einzelne Blute hat eine Bluhdauer von etwa drei Wochen, ist vormannlich und produziert vor allem in der mannlichen Bluhphase grose Mengen an Nektar, der in relativ geringer Gesamtkonzentration ausschlieslich Glukose und Fruktose enthalt. Die hohe Produktion an Nektar geht einher mit einem deutlich erhohten Wasserfluss im Stamm der Lobelien, der ein ausgepragtes Maximum zur Tagesmitte zeigt. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass tagaktive Vogel Bestauber sind.

The Nuts and Bolts of High Tunnel Production and Manipulation for Specialized Applications: Introduction to the Workshop

Protected agriculture in plastic film structures started after World War II with the advent of polyethylene sheets. In 1999, greenhouse and high tunnel production was reported to be 800,000 ha worldwide (Lamont, 2005). China, Japan, and the Mediterranean region lead in protected environment agriculture. In the United States, interest in high tunnels has surged since 1990. Today, crops are grown under high tunnels in 45 states and high tunnel research and demonstration projects have been established in 37 states (Carey et al., 2009). High tunnels and other plastic film-covered structures are used to improve the crop environment by sheltering plants from wind and rain, diffusing light, excluding animal and insect pests, extending the harvest season, and improving crop quality and yield. Also, rainfall protection provided by plastic covering decreases incidence of foliar and fruit diseases. The increased elevation in air and soil temperatures and diffused lighting realized in high tunnels in early spring and fall accelerate plant growth and crops to be harvested earlier in spring while extending harvest in late fall. Although winter production in unheated high tunnels may be curtailed by cold air temperature in some regions, the warmer soil temperature may permit overwintering or early planting of some crops. Cropping under a protected environment may not be economically feasible in all production regions of the United States because of the high cost ( $80,000/ha; Haygrove Tunnels, Elizabethtown, PA) of high tunnels and/or environmental constraints. This workshop on the practical aspects of high tunnel production was held at the 2008 ASHS Annual Conference in Orlando, FL, and organized by the Viticulture and Small Fruit Working Group. Many papers on high tunnel production published in ASHS publications have dealt with structure designs, construction techniques, types of crops, and cropping systems, but information on the possible enhancement of phytonutrient contents or foodborne pathogens of crops grown in high tunnels is not well documented. High tunnels affect environmental factors such as temperature, irradiance level, and wind, which impact plant growth rate and development; however, minimal attention has been given to spatial microclimate variations in high tunnels throughout the growing season or as plant canopy volume increases. More information is needed about the benefits of high tunnel cropping systems and new production technologies for environmental manipulation to improve food safety, quality of fruits and vegetables, and plant productivity. Although plant response to light levels and spectral quality are well documented, types of lighting for use in high tunnel systems continue to evolve. Plastic coverings and shade netting materials provide a means to modify the light spectral quality to affect crops grown in high tunnels. High-pressure sodium and fluorescent lamps to supplement natural light are commonly used in greenhouses to increase light intensity and photoperiod, but they are impractical in high tunnels. Alternative supplemental lighting systems may include low-output light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs are lower priced, small, and have narrow bandwidth illumination spectra. They can be used in high tunnel cropping systems to influence plant morphogenesis such as internode length, branching, flower initiation, and flower development. A protected environment production system may alter phytochemical content of fruits and vegetables because of selected light wavelength and quantity through the plastic covering, whereas reduced transmission of ultraviolet light can affect microbial population. If composted organic matter and raw animal manure are incorporated as soil amendments, pathogen contamination and spread of foodborne illness could become a possibility. High tunnel production systems should improve regional production of specialty crops to meet consumer demand for fresh, high-quality, locally grown fruits and vegetables by shortening the time lapse between harvest and consumption. Specifically, each of the four speakers in this workshop described practical innovations and technologies for manipulating the high tunnel microenvironment to improve food safety, quality of fruits and vegetables, and plant productivity. The following four papers summarize the pertinent literature and provide new information on issues related to food safety, temperature distribution in high tunnels during the growing season, modification of light spectral quality with cloth coverings and LED and other aspects of plant morphogenesis in horticultural crops. The specific topics presented in these papers include: 1) effects of organic soil amendment practices in high tunnels on strawberry phytonutrient contents and on vegetable quality and potential for resulting contamination from enteric pathogens at the primary field production stage; 2) three-dimensional analysis of temperature distribution within the high tunnel throughout the growing season and its implication on crop production; 3) effects of colored shade netting material on the quality of horticultural crops; and 4) manipulation of light environment with LED to control flowering and morphogenesis of herbaceous plants.

The framework of studying personal and family stories about material loss and defeat

In this paper I suggest the analytical framework for interpreting personal and family stories about the loss of possessions, riches, job, reputation and status. I find the theoretic foothold in the decades long folkloristic and anthropological studies of personal stories and life histories, then in the concept by Gary Alan Fine, a sociologist and folklorist, about the idioculture of small groups through the discussion of the family folklore, and last in the discussion of the historic, social-economic and ideological context where personal and family losses occur. The incentive for me to deal with this type of stories resides in the fact that they have not been the subject of scientific analysis, neither in the world, nor in our country, except one work by an American folklorist Stanley Brandes from 1975, which served as my inspiration and model. The material for the analysis was collected in the form of term papers written by four generations of ethnology and anthropology third year students, attending the course in Folklore anthropology at the Ethnology and Anthropology Department of the Faculty of Philosophy of Belgrade University. A typology of these stories has been done, and they are divided into two groups with subtypes: stories about personal causes to material ruin, and about faith (destiny) causing the ruin. Further on in the analysis I focused only on the context of the stories with the so-called "pre-destined (faith)" causes of ruin, i.e., on the historic, social-economic and ideological changes in Serbia, which happened during the 20th and at the beginning of the 21st century. The context of the revolutionary takeover of power by the Communists after the World War Two is discussed, as well as the violent dispossession of what was until then private property of many families in Serbia, and transferring that property into state and social possession (the so-called stories about nationalization), and also the specific context of post-Socialist transformation and transition in Serbia during the 1990s and the first decade of the new millennium (the so-called stories about the hybrid transition and the stories about the true transition). The narrative structure of this stories which are different one from the other is perceived. It is concluded in the end that for the narrativization of personal and family stories about material loss and ruin a certain historic distance is needed in order for them to enter the tradition of the family story telling

Social memory and applied criticism

The subject of this text is the social memory, which the author understands as the consequence of complex relationships of modern politics, history and cultural production in the broadest sense. As for the majority of authors who engage in social memory, for her this phenomenon is inseparable from the process of creating a nation, as well. In the context of creating a nation in Eastern Europe the conditionality of these phenomena is recognized through the specific part that the language and literature played in those processes. Therefore, in this region, the hierarchy of power reflected itself always, maybe more prominently than anywhere else, in the filed of controlling the social memory, and particularly in controlling the interpretation of old literary works. Further more, the power in that field visibly affirmed itself. By connecting her research to Yugoslavian nation, the period immediately after the World War Two and the function of literary criticism in establishing the Yugoslavian canon for the interpretation of the past, the author examines in this text on of the ways of shaping the social memory in the time of active creation of the Yugoslavian nation. The focus of research is on the social conditionality of constructing memory from the political anticipation of contemporary and future needs of the society. By re-examining the thesis of social memory as an expression of the state’s aspiration to explain to the nation its past and to adjust it to current needs, the author in her research follows the after-war reinterpretation of several classic authors who entered the Yugoslavian canon of interpreting the past.

Compulsory Licensing: Evidence from the Trading with the Enemy Act

Compulsory licensing allows firms in developing countries to produce foreign-owned inventions without the consent of foreign patent owners. This paper uses an exogenous event of compulsory licensing after World War I under the Trading with the Enemy Act to examine the long run effects of compulsory licensing on domestic invention. Difference-in-differences analyses of nearly 200,000 chemical inventions suggest that compulsory licensing increased domestic invention by at least 20 percent.

Trade Credit and Bank Relationships: Evidence from Pre-World War I Belgium

Legal Bargaining Theory's New 'Prospecting' Agenda: It May Be Social Science, But is it News?

In the good old days legal bargaining scholarship was based mostly on negotiator war stories exuberantly told. The social-scientific study of the subject did not begin in earnest until the nineteen-seventies. Since then, however, the literature of storytelling has gone into a pronounced eclipse and social-scientific study is now the principal scholarly game in town. This article questions the wisdom of this shift, almost seismic in its proportions, and argues that it is too soon to jump on the social science bandwagon. Discussion focuses on the uses made of the Prospect Theory of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky and the Theory's central concept of Anchoring. Anchoring is the most thoroughly analyzed of the Prospect Theory concepts and difficulties encountered in incorporating it into legal bargaining theory will recur many times over in working with other parts of the Prospect Theory framework. It is an exemplary test case.

Globalizing Public Interest Law

Public interest law has become increasingly globalized in the post-Cold War era, incorporated in national legal systems across the developing world, and deployed in transnational activist campaigns advancing social justice causes. This essay - the introduction to a symposium on public interest law across borders - examines the structural factors shaping the global trajectory of public interest law and offers a preliminary appraisal of its emerging global role. In Part I, we trace the historical movement of public interest law from an insular American project toward a more globalized set of practices and concepts. We suggest two reasons for this shift. The first is the ascendance of the Rule-of-Law movement, sponsored by international financial institutions and donor agencies, which has promoted public interest law around the world as a crucial component of good governance built upon a foundation of rights enforcement and political accountability. Against this backdrop, local activists, particularly in post-authoritarian countries, have turned to public interest law as a way to achieve the promise of new democratic orders while accessing crucial funding support. Second, the institutional framework of global governance has drawn public interest law into the contest over the impact of open markets and the power of human rights at the supranational level. Transnational activist networks have mobilized public interest law in efforts to hold international finance and trade institutions accountable for their distributional impacts, challenge the deregulation of global markets through multi-level advocacy efforts, and leverage the power of the human rights system to strengthen domestic social justice movements and build transnational solidarity. Part II explores the implications of these trends, suggesting that they point toward two evolving conceptions of public interest law: as a global institution and a technique of global governance. With respect to public interest law's institutionalization in developing countries, we outline the factors shaping its distinctively hybrid form, which incorporates elements imported by global sponsors, while building upon indigenous traditions and adapting to opportunities afforded by national structures. As a tool of global governance, we suggest that public interest law is associated with a broad range of problem solving practices targeted to the transnational context. We conclude by offering a provisional map of the new terrain of this transnational advocacy, highlighting the global arenas in which it operates, the strategies it deploys, and the networks it constructs.

The Evolution of Competition Law and Policy in the United Kingdom

A modern, statutory competition regime emerged in Britain only after the Second World War, developing somewhat haphazardly thereafter. From today’s vantage, this policy was tentative, partial, and under-enforced. Only by the passing of the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002 did the United Kingdom achieve a regulatory scheme that evinces a coherent design and an orthodox underpinning rationale. The relative tardiness of this development is a perplexing fact. For decades, the UK had been a primary exponent of the neoliberal philosophy that places faith in markets as the most efficient means of allocating societal resources. Yet the introduction of the necessary corollary - an effective policy designed to police newly competitive markets - did not emerge until recent years. This paper, first, notes the pertinent common law in this regard and outlines chronologically the main statutory competition measures introduced in the UK in the fifty years following the Second World War. Secondly, it considers the curious period of inaction in the face of an evident need to revisit competition policy at the end of the C20th. Thirdly, it offers a brief overview of the design of the systems introduced under the Competition Act 1998 and the Enterprise Act 2002, and interrogates the motivations behind such reforms. Finally, it reviews the underpinning purposes and the design of the more minor developments that have occurred since 2003. Ultimately, the intention is to allow some insight into factors which explain how and why UK competition law developed – or conversely, failed to do so – over recent legal history.