The Substantial Weight Test: A Proposal to Resolve the Circuit's Disparate Interpretations of Materiality Under the False Claims Act

The False Claims Act (FCA) is a federal statute that imposes civil liability on any person who presents or causes to be presented a false or fraudulent monetary claim for disbursement of United States governmental funds. While some form of the Act has been in force since the Civil War, courts are still unsure of how to interpret the widely-used statute. In particular, courts have been wildly inconsistent regarding materiality under the FCA. Before Congress passed the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 (FERA), materiality was not an express element of the statute, and as a result, some circuits declined to recognize materiality as an element of an FCA claim. Other circuits held that materiality was implicitly required and should be considered. Those circuits finding materiality as an element of an FCA claim were and remain split on what test applies to determine materiality under the

How Just War Theory May Survive Without the Supreme Emergency Exemption

Since the human cost of war is inevitably great, the West has traditionally articulated, defended, and at least nominally practiced a theory of fighting just wars. Unfortunately, this laudable theory is liable to attack because of the widely recognized doctrine of the 'supreme emergency exemption' (SEE). This doctrine states that a nation at war may directly target the civilian population of an enemy nation in an emergency situation, even though such use of force is forbidden by the other rules of just war theory. As a result, just war theory (JWT) appears to offer paradoxical advice, for it says both that civilians may never be targeted, and also that civilians may be targeted in certain circumstances.

The re-read Leonov. Review of the book; L.P. Yakimova. Narratives by Leonid Leonov about the Revolution and the Civil War as a genre-thematic and semantico-poetic cycle

Legal Issues and Prospects of Support Legislation for Abductees(the Victims of Kidnapped to North Korea) after the Armistice Treaty which ended the Korean War

Revisiting our social justice roots in population health intervention research.

ublic health has its roots in social justice. Descriptions of public health work in the early 20 th century reveal the appalling living conditions of the poor and the inequities that were predominant at the time. Class distinctions were apparent in life expectancy, and in differential rates of access to sanitation, clean water, education, food and adequate housing. Although there have been many improvements in the overall health of Canadians during the past century, substantial inequities remain. Canadian and international reports 1,2 have implored us to take action on these inequities. In this knowledge age, when we are working to build population health interventions on a solid foundation of theory and rigorous methods, it is important to revisit the social justice roots of population health interventions and consider why, as practitioners and scientists, we have sometimes deviated from these values. Historical accounts indicate several important eras for population health interventions in Canada. The early part of the 20 th century was a period when many basic public health regulations were being put into place to improve sanitation, safely preserve food, and reduce communicable disease transmission. 3 Community health workers, who were primarily nurses, were particularly active in school settings and in conducting home visits in poor and underserved communities. 3,4 Efforts to address deplorable social living and working conditions among vulnerable populations are prominent in descriptions of these early public health programs. Early descriptive epidemiological studies documented important socio-economic differences in health status, but did not consistently interrogate underlying issues of class and power. Post World War II marked the beginning of an information era. Health education efforts were reinforced with the production of communication materials that could reach all Canadians. 5 Lt. Col.

The Secondary Education in the State of Refuge in the Area of Busan, Temporary Capital During the Korean War

Cold War Endgame and U.S.-DPRK Confrontation

The Lifelong Mortality Risks of World War II Experiences

A Dimensão Civilizatória da Presença dos Americanos no Brasil: Tecnologia, Educação e Religião

The arrival of the American protestant missionaries in Brazil along with American immigrants from Southern US happened from the second half of the XIX century on, in an attempt to reconstruct life after the civil war. The most significant nesting of American immigrants occured in the province of Sao Paulo inlands, mainly around the cities Santa Barbara D’Oeste and Americana. This study aims at identifying the civilization dimension of the immigrants and American missionaries in Brazil focusing the analysis in three aspects: the technology, the education and the protestant religion. The hypotheses that the text aims to prove are that these Americans had passed from the condition of outsiders to established ones, as well as they produced a civilizing process, regarding their command over codes, techniques and instruments that were mode modern than those that existed in the second half of the XIX century in Brazil.

O G-20 E OS CONSTRANGIMENTOS ÀS INICIATIVAS CONTRA-HEGEMÔNICAS NO PÓS-GUERRA FRIA