Journals
2009 EN
Nikolai Krementsov
In the summer of 1946, the international community of cancer researchers was inspired by the announcement that two Soviet scientists, Nina Kliueva and Grigorii Roskin, had discovered anticancer properties in culture extracts made from the South American protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, and had produced a preparation--named after its discoverers KR--which showed clear therapeutic effects on cancer patients. Research teams from various countries enthusiastically pursued the promising new line of investigation. The story of the rise and fall of interest in the anticancer properties of T. cruzi in different countries suggests that during the second half of the twentieth century, the Cold War competition between the superpowers played an important role in shaping the research agendas of cancer studies.
Journals
2009 EN
Gilberto Hochman
Analyzes the public health program that Juscelino Kubitschek presented while running for president and its dialogue with interpretations that identified Brazil as an ailing country that should be recovered through public medicine. The proposals and goals contained in Kubitschek's healthcare program, as released during his 1955 campaign, serve as the main sources for this analysis. They also were key to establishing this dialogue, which was both prompted and shaped by a national and international context characterized by the post-war idea of development and public health optimism. Within the context of his development project, the article looks at how Kubitschek elaborated the themes of the centrality of rural endemic disease and the abandonment of the rural worker, both dear to the sanitary movement in the 1910s. It also underscores how Kubitschek the candidate endeavored to link health and development within this arena of government policy.
Journals
2009 PO
José Manuel Sobral · Maria Luı́sa Lima · Paulo Silveira e Sousa
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A epidemia de gripe pneumónica ocorreu em Portugal num momento em que o país que enfrentava enormes dificuldades de natureza económica, política e sanitária. Chega a um país rural e pobre, envolvido na Grande Guerra de 1914-18, e que se debate com a carência de géneros e a carestia de vida, e com uma fortíssima crise social e política. Apesar de o país estar habituado a sucessivas epidemias, o carácter imprevisto e violento da pneumónica (estima-se que tenha provocado quase 140 mil mortos num país com cerca de 6 milhões de habitantes) fez com que a resposta dos agentes políticos e sanitários fosse marcada por factores ligados à conjuntura (crise económica, social e política) e de tipo estrutural (condições higiénicas e sanitárias deficientes, falta de meios em capital económico, de médicos e de medicamentos, impotência do conhecimento médico para debelar a epidemia). The Spanish influenza epidemic occurred in Portugal when this country faced enormous economic, political and sanitary problems. The country was poor, living mainly from agriculture and was involved in the First World War. There were food shortages, a high cost of living, as well as a strong social and political crisis. Although people were used to deal with successive epidemic diseases, the sudden and violent character of the Spanish influenza took everybody by surprise. According to some estimation it killed about 140 thousand in a 6 million person's countryThe answer of the political and sanitary agents was marked by contextual factors (the economic, social and political crisis) as well as by structural ones (very poor hygienic and sanitary conditions, lack of financial resources, of doctors and medicines, impotence of medical knowledge in dealing with the pandemic)
Federal University of Minas Gerais
Journals
2009 EN
Gilberto Luiz Alves · Carla Villamaina Centeno
This article derives from a research programme investigating the role of teaching instruments in the educational relation. It selects as its focus the discourse of textbooks on the history of Brazil and, to sharpen its analysis of the content, it seeks to apprehend the interpretations of the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870). It prioritizes pioneering textbooks, produced in the imperial period, following the example of Lessons on the history of Brazil, by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, one of the most important works on the subject used at the Pedro II College. With regard to their pedagogical conception and form of organization, these textbooks revealed an incipient simplification and objectification of educational work that denoted the first signs of technical organization of a manufacturing base
National Association of Postgraduate Research in Education
Journals
2009 PO
Cristiane Seixas Duarte · Isabel A. Bordin · Genevieve Rachel Green
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This paper examines challenges and current issues involved in measuring exposure to different types of violence which are associated mental health problems in children and adolescents. Standardized measures suitable for epidemiological studies, selected based on their relevance in the current literature, are briefly described and commented. The assessment of child's exposure to violence may focus on a specific event (e.g., kidnapping), a specific context (e.g., war) or even of a certain type of exposure (e.g., intrafamilial physical violence). The assessment of child mental health after exposure to violence has traditionally focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - most frequently measured through non-diagnostic scales. However, other mental health reactions may be present and screening as well as diagnostic instruments which may be used to assess these reactions are also described. Two issues of emerging importance - the assessment of impairment and of traumatic grief in children - are also presented. Availability of culturally appropriate instruments is a crucial step towards proper identification of child mental health problems after exposure to violence.
Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva
Journals
2009 SP
Nancy Noemí Terroni
En este trabajo se reportan los resultados del análisis reticular en la comunicación, y los puntajes de la asertividad del discurso de los partipantes de pequeños grupos que resuelven una tarea de recuperación de memoria (La guerra de los fantasmas, Bartlett, 1932). El diseño es cuasiexperimental y los 90 participantes alumnos de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, debieron reconstruir la misma en forma grupal colaborativa. Los sujetos fueron asignados aleatoriamente a los grupos y a las dos condiciones (grupos cara a cara y mediados por computadora). Se registraron las interacciones presenciales mediante video filmaciones y las electrónicas quedaron almacenadas en el canal de chat. En general, la asertividad del discurso y la comunicación presentaron asociaciones significativas, con algunas diferencias según el canal comunicacional empleado. Se discuten estos resultados con relación al tipo de tarea y a las restricciones de los medios electrónicos. This work reports the results of reticular analysis in communication, and the scores from the discourse assertiveness of the participants of small groups who solve a recall memory task (The war of the ghosts, Bartlett, 1932). The design is a quasi-experimental one and the 90 subjects, students from Mar del Plata University had to reconstruct the same story in collaborative groups. The subjects were assigned in an aleatory way, to both conditions (face to face and computer-mediated groups). The subjects' interactions in face-to-face communication groups were recorded in video films and the electronic ones were stored in the chat channel. In general, the discourse assertiveness and the communication presented significant associations, with some differences according to the communication channel used. These results are discussed about the type of task and the restrictions of the electronic media
Universidade de São Francisco
Journals
2009 SP
Víctor Manuel Alvarado Hernández · Martín Manjárrez Betancourt
Actualmente hablar de violencia, de guerra, terrorismo, de cambios climáticos de daño ecológico y deterioro social, es hablar de crisis humanitaria. Con la globalización esta ocurriendo la perdida de lo humano a través de la hegemonía del mercado, de la tecnología, de la informática, todo lo cual puede ocurrir gradual o súbitamente. En los tiempos en que vivimos debe conciliarse la materia y el espíritu, la naturaleza y la cultura, la ciencia y las humanidades, propiciando un reencuentro entre la tecnología y el humanismo, integrando la memoria y el proyecto. En esto consiste el reto de la educación, por ello creemos que el nuevo paradigma de la educación es la conformación de la antropoética. En este trabajo se expone el proceso de conformación de la antropoética, sus conceptos y las nociones de conformación, complejidad, tutoría académica, capital cultural. Hemos seleccionado la estrategia institucional de la tutoría académica y el escenario de la educación superior, específicamente el posgrado, por que es en este nivel de la educación, donde se generan diversas líneas de investigación y de conocimiento que deriva en prácticas de aprendizaje para los demás niveles educativos, lo que permite el exigente proceso de conformación de la antropoética de generación en generación, para alcanzar el objetivo de salvar a la humanidad logrando la humanización planetaria. Nowadays to talk about violence, war, terrorism, climate change, environmental damage and social deterioration, is to speak of a humanitarian crisis. With globalization comes human loss due to the hegemony of the market, technology and information, all of which can happen gradually or suddenly. We are living in a period in which we must reconcile matter and spirit, nature and culture, science and humanities, providing a reunion between technology and humanism, integrating memory and project. This is the challenge of education; therefore we believe that the new paradigm of education is shaping the anthropoetics. This paper describes the process of anthropoetics, its conceptual terms and concepts of composition, complexity, academic tutoring and cultural capital. We have chosen the strategy of academic tutoring, and the stage of higher education, specifically in the graduate program, because it is at this level of education that several lines of research and practical knowledge that lead to learning for other educational levels are generated, enabling the demanding process of anthropoetics from generation to generation, to achieve the goal of saving humanity achieving global humanization
Journals
2009 EN
Siamak Movahedi
The paper examines the psychology of martyrdom through the analysis of death speeches, the final letters, wills, and testaments left behind by men in the Middle East who undertook suicidal missions in war. The author maintains that the human body is as much a social object as it is a biological entity, and death is as much a social event as it is a physical happening. The biologically living body may be symbolically dead, and the physically dead person may be more powerful than the living. A communication that a person makes while he or she is anticipating an impending death is an overloaded message, comparable to the first or the last dream in psychoanalysis. It may provide important clues not only to the person's immediate psychic experience, but also to one's characteristic mode of encounter with the object world. Final letters, near-death or suicide notes have a particularly demanding, commanding, and pleading quality. The author finds several modes of communication and metacommunication in the notes: disengaged, abstract, and intimate, each differently conveying their thoughts, fantasies, and relatedness to the world, God, justice, vengeance, death, immortality, loved ones, and enemies
University Association for Research in Fundamental Psychopathology
Journals
2009 EN
Aldo Caliari
The emergence of trade, finance and investment policy as priorities for those engaged in promoting the respect and defense of economic and social rights has to do with the increasing realization that, in the struggle to promote those rights, such policies cannot be ignored or abstracted as a separate field. The human rights paradigm as shaped by post-World War II developments which relies on the responsibility of state actors is complemented by economic aspects of globalization, e.g. the rise of international trade and financial flows across borders, deregulation, privatization and the reduction of the role of the state, culminating in an eroding capacity of states to take active measures required to respect, protect and fulfill human rights in their territorial jurisdiction. On the other hand, international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have increased their influence on the capacity of states to implement human rights obligations This paper seeks to fulfill several aims. Based on an overview of trends posed by the intersection of trade, investment and financial policies and human rights, the rich landscape of strategies and activities for human rights advocates will be presented. Before formulating some recommendations in the last chapter, the success stories and future trends, including opportunities and obstacles will be looked at.
Associação Direitos Humanos em Rede
Journals
2009 EN
Alnawaz Rehemtulla
In 1971, the "War on Cancer" was launched by the US government to cure cancer by the 200-year anniversary of the founding of the United States of America, 1976. This article briefly looks back at the progress that has been made in cancer research and compares progress made in other areas of human affliction. While progress has indeed been made, the battle continues to rage on.