Respectus Philologicus, 2009 Nr. 16 (21)

CONTENTS I. PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSDanguolė Melnikienė (Lithuania). The Issue of the Addressee in Receptive and Productive Dictionaries...11Eleonora Lassan (Lithuania). The Time of Losers...21Yelena G. Zadvornaya (Belarus). Russian Litanies: Types and Characteristics of the Genre...35Evgeny E. Anikin (France). The 2008 US Presidential Election in the Mirror of Sports Metaphor (in the French Press)...46 II. FACTS AND REFLECTIONSZinaida D. Popova (Russia). The Ways of Representation of Concepts as a Problem of Cognitive Linguistics... 56Marzena Marczewska (Poland). The Willow Tree in the Medical Folk Rituals...62Natalia Solovyova (Belarus). The Concepts of “War” and “Peace” in the Old Russian Language Picture of the World: The Genesis of Antonymous Relations...73Olga N. Charykova (Russia). National Specificity of Metaphorical Conceptualization of the World...82Dalia Eigirdienė (Lithuania). On the Peculiarities of the Worldview Reflected In Lithuanian and Russian Zoonymic Phraseology...90Aleksandras Krasnovas (Lithuania). Reception Theory and Practice of Reading...96Asija Kovtun (Lithuania). Parallels Between Deconstructionist and Creator – Paul de Man and Czeslaw Milosz...104Lidia Mazur-Mierzwa (Poland). Wislawa Szymborska in Russian Translation...116Jolanta Chwastyk-Kowalczyk (Poland). Memoirs of Lwów Citizens in Exile Published after the World War II...126Gabija Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė, Žydrė Dargužytė (Lithuania). Rainer Maria Rilke’s Ideas in Father Stanislovas’ Sermons...137Tatsiana V. Eromeitchik (Belarus). The Evaluative Focus of Social Advertising in Belarus...150Laima Kalėdienė (Lithuania). The Statistical Approach to Vernacularisms in The Dictionary Of Modern Lithuanian Language...159Asta Kazlauskienė, Gailius Raškinis (Lithuania). Phone Frequency in Standard Lithuanian...169 III. OPINIONAlgis Braun (Lithuania). Lithuanian Grammar, English Words: Cross-Linguistic Influence and Students’ Written Errors...183 IV. OUR TRANSLATIONSPatrick Seriot (Switzerland). Oxymoran or Misundersanding. Anna Wierzbicka’s Universal Relativism of Natural Semantic Metalanguage. Translated by Vilhelmina Vitkauskienė...193 V. SCIENTIFIC LIFE CHRONICLEConferences , eventsEleonora Lassan (Lithuania). Once Upon a Time in Ekaterinburg…203Books reviewsPavel Lavrinec (Lithuania). БРИО, Валентина, 2008. Поэзия и поэтика города: Wilno – הנליו – Vilnius...205Kazimierz Luciński (Poland). Bulat Okudzhava’s memory will live on for ever in Poland. MAZUR-MERZWA, Lidia, 2008. Булат Окуджава в польских переводах. Когнитивные стратегии польского переводоведения...209Ina Kažuro (Lithuania). ЛАССАН, Элеонора, 2008. Лингвокультурология. Очерк русской концептологии...213Wiesław Caban (Lenkija / Polska). ILGIEWICZ, Henryka, 2008. Societates Academicae Vilnenses. Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk w Wilnie (1907-1939) i jego poprzednicy...216Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities: journal of scientific lifeDaiva Aliūkaitė (Lithuania). Emotions suppressed by language: Joviality without a smile...220Skirmantė Biržietienė, Saulutė Juzelėnienė (Lithuania). Linguistics, Literature Studies and advertising or tracing back to the ideas of young linguists of VU KHF...222 Announce...224 VI. REQUIREMENTS FOR PUBLICATION...226VII. OUR AUTHORS... 234

Lietuvos jūros erdvių delimitavimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama viena iš aktualiausių tarptautinės jūrų teisės temų – jūros erdvių delimitavimo klausimai. Lietuvos teritorinės jūros, kontinentinio šelfo ir išskirtinės ekonominės zonos delimitavimo aspektai atskleidžiami delimitavimo teorijos ir praktikos kontekste. Delimitavimo klausimai nagrinėjami atliekant išsamią šiuolaikinės, taip pat prieškarinės jūros erdvių delimitavimo teorijos ir praktikos analizę, detaliai aptariant delimitavimą reglamentuojančias Jungtinių Tautų jūrų teisės konvencijos nuostatas, visapusiškai atskleidžiant esminių delimitavimo principų ir reikalavimų – teisingumo, „neužgožimo“ ir kt. – esmę, pateikiant nuoseklų derybų su Rusijos Federacija, Latvijos Respublika ir konsultacijų su Švedijos Karalyste dėl teritorinių vandenų, išskirtinės ekonominės zonos ir kontinentinio šelfo delimitavimo Baltijos jūroje aptarimą bei parodant priimtų sprendimų ryšį su tarptautine delimitavimo teorija ir praktika.The Article deals with one of the most important topics in International Sea Law, i.e. the issues of delimitation of maritime zones. The aspects of the delimitation of the territorial sea, continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of Lithuania are revealed in the light of the relation between the delimitation theory and practice. The provided research on the delimitation issues is based on the detailed analysis of the modern delimitation theory and practice as well as of that effective in the pre-war period, on the comprehensive consideration of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea regulating delimitation, on the disclosure of the essence of the key delimitation principles and requirements such as equity, avoidance of a “cut-off” effect etc., on a consistent overview of the Lithuania’s negotiations with the Russian Federation and the Republic of Latvia as well as consultations with the Kingdom of Sweden regarding the delimitation of the territorial waters, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, and also on the revealed relation between the reached delimitation decisions and international delimitation theory and practice.

King County: A Case Study Model for Strategic Planning in College Aviation Learning

Case studies help students prepare for real-world problems, situations and crises by pmvidiig an approximation of various professional environments. Thus, through the examination of specific cases, students are given the opportunity to work issues through the Irials, bibulations, experiences, and research f idmgs of others. An obvious advantage to this mode of instruction is that it allows students the exposure to settings and contexts that they might not otherwise experience. One way to study airport issues is through the use of strategic planning cme studies. Strategic planning is a process of developing a map or route an airport will follow which identifies what products are to be provided to which customers, where they will be provided, and at what price. Based an the vision and mission staternens previously developed, smtegic planning summarizes the basic operational tasks, goals, objectives, strategies, and tactics for the airport organization. In this a paper strategic p lming, and more pmticuhly a shngths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) case study analysis is used to evaluate King County International Airport (KCIA). This case study is a suggested model for development of future airport case studies to be used in the collegiate aviation learning environment. Iatmduction Sb'ategic planning for airports is a process of developing a map or route an airport will follow which identifies what products are to be provided to which ~ ~ t ~ e r s , where they will be pmvided, and at whar price. Based on the vision and mission statemenb, strategic planning summarizes the basic operational goals, tasks, objectives, strategies, and day-to-day tactics for the airport organization. The basic operational tasks are simply shorthand for what the airport's basic businem or function is-what the airport wants to accomplish (Quilty, 1999; Pearce and Robinson, 2005). Saategic planning involves establishing a mission, vision, goals, strategies, and tactics. The mission med not be measmble, but it is something the airport employees can work toward regardless of intemediateachievements. Cornparedto mission, objectives imply a shorter, measurable time period with an accomplishment that ran be measured in numerical terms. For example, an objective might be to achieve 90% hangar utilization within 2 years (Quilty, 1999). A strategy is a major course of action and implies a relatively longer time span than tactics. A smtegy is what m e is going to do and not how the airport is gomg to do it. A tactic, on the other hand is how the airport is going to ucbieve the strategy and the ultimate goal. It is a series of shorter action items that are part of the strategy. "Michael Porter, a management scholar, has identified three classes of competitive advantage smtegies. Thc classes am known as low-cost producer, differentiation, and focus" (Quilty, 1999, p. 21). The low-cost producer attempts to hold prices low by m b h k h g costs. These efforts may take the fonn of efficient scale of production facilities, product design, distribution channels, raw materials procurement, etc. Part of this saategy can involve selling in volume so that low profits par unit may be offset This sh'ategy is observed in air carriers such as SouthwestTM Airlines, but it is also practiced in general aviation fuel marketing, at airpons attempting to buy large mourn of chemicals or sand for winter use, and in the air cargo industry (Quilty, 1999). Diffmtiation saategy involves creating a unique huge of the organization's product or service so that customers may be charged for that uniqueness. Companies that employ this strategy s h s s high quality, image, or technological leadership, among other possibilities. J h A E q Spring ZOO9 1 Rankin: King County: A Case Study Model for Strategic Planning in College Published by ERAU Scholarly Commons, 2009 Kinn Coun@: A Case Study "Milwaukee International Ai ion has long stressed its airport as an alternative to Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, while many general aviation airports smss their ease of use and acceas to important business and commercial centers or recreation areas" (Quilty, 1999, pp. 21-22). Differentiation strategy can be viewed between Federal Express and United F'arcel Service, and between United Airlines and American Airlines. A focus shtegy typically targets a segment of a larger market and specializes in a particular geographic location or customer group. The focused approach attempts to serve the targeted needs so well that cornpetiton are lee with no opening to gain market share. An example is a fixed base operator WO) that specializes in specialized maintenance to the point where other FBOs in the area would not find it feasible to establish suchaservice (Quilty, 1999, Pearceand Robinson, 2005). The wncept of competitive advantage causes airpon managers to focus on meeting and anticipating the expectations of airport customers by compmhg theu airport's performance to other airports or to other aansportation modes. It requires an understanding of the competition's strengths and weaknesses through and benchmark analysis. It can also be used to assess how related businesses located on the airpoi? may respond or pursue their business activity (Quilty, 1999; Pearce and Robinson, 2005). In addition to pursuing competitive advantage, an airport may attempt to occupy a special niche in the environment that is unique to its capabilities, or which offers an opporhrnity overlooked by competitoP3. The SmQgy, in this case, is to occupy the niche and then erect barriers that prevent other organizations from challenging the unique position. Airlines and airport service companies often attempt to use this strategy (Quilly, 1999; Pearce and Robinson, 2005). Learning Objective The learning objectives are as follows: 1. Identify those elements of the shte@c management process that precede strategic decision-making at the King County International Aiiort (KCIA). 2. Identify and address the products and sewices that exist at KCIA. 3. Identify and address the customers and markets that exist at K I A . 4. Identify and address the competitive advantages of KCIA. 5. Identify and address what product and market emphasis KCIA should pursue. 6. Identify the strategy or strategies that KClA should implement and pursue. History of King County International Airport Accordiig to King County (2004), in 1928, K i County voters approved a $1 million plm to build the region's fust public airport. Today, the airport is one ofthe busiest airports in the nation and ranks as one of the most successful public investments in Washington State. The airport was named affer the founder of the Boeing Aircraft Company, William E. Boeing, and the airport helped to foster the growth of the Boeing Company throughout the 1930s. It sewed as the regjonal center for commercial and recreational avintion in the Seattle area during this era (King County A i i r t Division, 2002). Just one day prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the airport was taken over by the federal government due to its strategic location and its importance as a Boeing production center. During the World War I1 era, the airport was devoted to the production of the B-17 and the B-29 bombers, which played key mles m the European and Pacific t h e w . ARer the war years, the airpon served as the primary passenger airport in the region until the consmction and completionof Sea-Tac International Airport in the early 1950s (King County Ai ior t Division, 2002). Today, King County International Aiiort (KCIA) is one of the busiest airports in the nation, serving mom than 375,000 aircraft operations per year by m a t i m a l , corporate, miliwy, and Boeing jet aircraft. The airport continues to provide limited passenger service and is the primary air cargo airport in the region. The airport is owned and operated by the Kiog County Department of Transportation, Airport Division, and receives no gmml tax revenues to support its operations. The airport is the site for the final production and delivery of the Boeing 737 and 757 aircrafl and a testing center for the Boeing 777 and military AWACS program. See Appendix A forthe facilities layout of KCIA (King County Aiiort Division, 2002). Mission, Values, and Vision Statements The mission, values, and vision statements of the King County International Airpott are as follow: Mission Statement The mission of the King County International A i o n is to suppon the economic vitality of the county, to support the national air transportation system, to encourage advanced technology, to provide safe and continuous geneml aviation airport services to King County businesses and residents and to serve as the gateway to the county. In fulfilling this mission, the Airport will be a good neighbor and environmental steward and will

Self Defense 101: An Exploration of Self Defense Training and Its Applicability for College Flight Majors

This research explores tho feasibility of developing a self defense program for flight majors at a university. Traditional systems of martial arts are discussed and the limitations in these systems are explored. Traditional martial arts have many components found in modernized systems of self defense. The major d i i r e n c e betweon tmditional and modern systems is that traditional ways take years to perfect and may not address situations in the flight environment. Modem systems by to replicate environments where the self defense encounter would occur and attempt to teach the system in the quickest manner possible. Based on the research done by Overchuk (2008), pilots have Multiple Intelligence (MI) profiles which are different fiom other professions. Multiple intelligences are a preferred way of thinking or an ability a person uses to make sense of a situation. Because pilots have distinct MI profiles, suggestions have been m d e to change self defense training regimens to fit a pilot's MI profile. Accdmg to the T-portation Security Administration (not dated) "The Vision 100 Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act" requires air carriers providmg scheduled passenger air lmnsportation to conduct basic security lraining for their flight and cabin c r e w m e m b in order to prepare e Mitose, 1980; Parker, 1960, 1982). From China, the lraditional forms of self defense spread thmugh Japan, Korea, Okinawa, and eventually inm tho United States. Kung Fu translates as "skill" or "ability" and can encompass paintins and cooking, but it is most cornonly associated with the skill of fighting (Corcoran & Farkas, 1983). There are hundreds of forms of Kung Fu and they cau be broken down into groups of fighting skills, health development, and dance. Tae Kwon-Do simply means the art of kicking and punching. The system trains the mind and body with an emphasis on developing moral character. The use of the feet for fighting is the %ademark" and beauty of Tae Kwon-Do. Karate m e m empty hand and it is an art of 1 Overchuk: Self Defense 101: An Exploration of Self Defense Training and Its Published by ERAU Scholarly Commons, 2009 self defense and sport. Unlike Judo or Jujutsy karate is not a grappling art. The emphasis is to develop the hands, feet, and body to deliver blows to an aggressor. Kenpo stands For ''Law of the Fist"(Parker, 1960). Kenpo is stated to be the first"Americanized" martial art (Corcoran & Farkes, 1983). The emphasis of the art is flexibility of movements which are tailored to the individual not the (Corcoran & Farkes, 1983; Parker, 1960, 1982; Parker & Gow. 1967). Shldents are encouraged to alter the moments to fit their needs, but not the underlying principle of the self defense technique. Kenpo utilizes elbows, h ~ s , kicks and punchcs h u g b both circular and Smear movements. Jujutsu is literally the art of suppleness (Corcoran & Farkas, 1983). Its self defense techniques were developed for effectiveness in combat, which included weapons such as the sword. Jujutsu uses gragplig, throws, punches, kicks, and joint locks. If an aviation student had an interest in Mioing in the traditional forms of self defense, they would most likely develop the basic movements used in nearly all self defense teclmiques. The only questionlcaution would be, how effective would this lmowledge be in an aviation environment. Traditionalmartial arts (non-sport) techniques were practiced as weapons ans and were designed to kill, maim, and break bones (Raegar, 1982; Murray, 2006). Some aspects of the martial arts are used for personal gowth and developmental reasons (Overchuk, 2002, 2005). With the mass introduction of children into the martial arts, tbe arts have evolved into family and sport activities emphiking the beauty of form and competition. In the fighting arts literature, there are questions being asked on whether the marlid arts are h l y "War (marrial) Arts." (Draegw, 1982; Rosmbaum, 2006) According to these tacticians, years of evolution and modification has altered the martial arts causing them to lose most oftheir combative application. In other words, they have become more spm and family oriented. This trail~iing could givc a false sense of security to the aviation student if hetshe was not aware of the limitations found in sport martial arts. Because human aggressive behavior canvary 6om simple non-wmpliance to e m m e violence (Bor, 2007; King, 1999) certain martial m s training may not meet the neods of a flight crew. Therefore, a course in self defense needs to be developedlchosen wblch emphasizes thc necessities of the flight crew and the environment where they find themselves (Williamson, 2003). Military psychologists and law enforcement miners have mcognized tht need for modification in combative training and pm#ctive techniques (Grossman, 1996; Murray, 2006). Accordingto Williamson (2003). a flight crew selfdefense program should take into account the environment where the flight crews find themselves. The defensive system should involve striking, grappling, and weapons techniques all within a realistic environment. What Williamson is describing is what some martial tacticians describe as "reality based hinii '(Murray, 2006; Q u h , 1996; Siddle, 200 1). Realistic basedmining (RBT) prepares law tnforcement professionals for the types of encounters they will experience on the job (Fauher & Danaher, 1997). From the Author's perspective, the self defense techniques in reality based training are similar to the ones found in the lmditional system of self defense. Basically, there are only so many ways a person can punch, kick, gab, throw, and counter an aggressive attack, Many times "advanced self defense techniques" are combinations and variation of the basic self-defense movements. As Fauher & Danaher (1997) have stated in their publication, there are no "magic bullets" to controlling a subject. Therefore, even if an aviation student engages in either traditional forms of self defense or self defense designad for flight crews, they should understand that not all techniques or aggressive encounters will have perfect solutions or endings, The difference between traditional self defense training and reality bawd training is the way the technique is taught to the person, the environment where it is taught, and the introduction ofthe adrenaline swess response during the applicatidpractice of the self defense technique. Self defense techniques in RBT emphasize gross motor movements and they are performed at 1 1 1 power and fill speed on a well protected andpaddedperson (Quin, 1996). , S W g at a well protected person whb moves unpredidablg is a better simulation of reality than hitting a punching bag or pad. High power skikes are delivered to the head, neck, , abdomen, and groin. The fight continues "unabated" and to the ground if necessary. When it is clear the aggressor is , thwarted, the fight is discontiuued. Reality Bawd Training seems very beneficial to flight students or pilots especially for short term training. An unpredictable padded aggressor (as opposed to a static punch or striking pad) will quickly expose the student to their strengths and limitations, as well as, to what works and what does not work. Not all martial arts W i for p~lvts will be equally efFtctive, so training in an environment that is unique to a flight crew is essential. Mobility is l i ited because of the many obstacles in the cramped spaces of the cockpit and cabin. Therefore, h c y , complicated, jumping and spinning techniques will not be effective (Williamsg 2003). These complex and fine motor skill movements are further hiidcred by the adrenaline stress response during an

Physician Refusal to Provide Information or Treatment on the Basis of Claims of Conscience

Health care professionals may have moral objections to particular medical interventions. They may refuse to provide or cooperate in the provision of these interventions. Such objections are referred to as conscientious objections. Although it may be difficult to characterize or validate claims of conscience, respecting the individual physician's moral integrity is important. Conflicts arise when claims of conscience impede a patient's access to medical information or care. A physician's conscientious objection to certain interventions or treatments may be constrained in some situations. Physicians have a duty to disclose to prospective patients treatments they refuse to perform. As part of informed consent, physicians also have a duty to inform their patients of all relevant and legally available treatment options, including options to which they object. They have a moral obligation to refer patients to other health care professionals who are willing to provide those services when failing to do so would cause harm to the patient, and they have a duty to treat patients in emergencies when referral would significantly increase the probability of mortality or serious morbidity. Conversely, the health care system should make reasonable accommodations for physicians with conscientious objections.

Review of <em>Why America Lost the War on Poverty-And How to Win It.</em> Frank Stricker. Reviewed by Mary Ager Caplan.

Review of <em>Unequal Under Law: Race in the War on Drugs.</em> Doris Marie Provine. Reviewed by Christine Lou.

Weltraumastronomie an der Wiener Universitäts-Sternwarte

An overview on various activities in space astronomy carried out at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Vienna is given. Die Einstellung gegenber der Weltraumastronomie war an der Wiener Uni- versitats-Sternwarte, wie in vielen anderen klassischen astronomischen Insti- tuten, in der Zeit vor dem Start der Sputniks nicht gerade positiv. Begrndet wurde das damit, dass manber Planeten alles wisse, dass es keine stabilen Satellitenbahnen gbe, dass auf dem Mond zu viel Staub vorhanden wre, in dem Astronauten versinken wrden, und dass - wie J. Hopmann meinte - die Strahlung die Astronauten ohnehin umbringen wrde. Bemerkenswerterweise galt aber eine der Forschungsinteressen Hopmanns dem Mond, whrend seiner Zeit als Direktor der Wiener Sternwarte (1951 - 1958) beschaftigte er sich, zum Teil gemeinsam mit Guntram Schrutka- Rechtenstamm, mit der Figur des Mondes, mit der Bestimmung selenographi- scher Koordinaten und mit Messungen von Hhen auf dem Mond (Ferrari d'Occhieppo 1977 mit Schriftenverzeichnis, Haupt 1996). G. Schrutka be- stimmte 1958 Koordinaten von 150 Punkten auf dem Mond durch eine Neure- duktion der Breslauer Messungen von J. Franz unter Verwendung einer neuen Librationstheorie und neuer Librationskonstanten. Diese Koordinaten - die damals genauesten publizierten - wurden bei der Erstellung einer Topographi- schen Mondkarte zur Vorbereitung der ersten amerikanischen Mondmissionen benutzt (DMAAC 1973 = Defense Mapping Agency Aerospace Center Febr. 1973). In dieser Zeit wurden auch Dissertationsthemen aus dem Gebiet der Vermessung des Mondes vergeben; z.B. die Ableitung relativer Mondhhen (Swaton 1965). Hopmann nahm an mehreren Mondkonferenzen teil, wo er ¨ber die Ergebnisse der Wiener Arbeiten berichtete. Ebenso wurde er von der

Zur Biographie über Franciscus de Paula Triesnecker anlässlich der 250-Jahrfeier der Wiener Sternwarte

Hell’s successor as second director of Vienna’s University Observatory was Triesnecker, who after the abolishment of the Jesuit order in Austria 1773, had undergone scientific and theoretical training in Vienna and Graz. As coeditor of the ”Ephemerides Astronomicae” he kept this publication running until 1809, where due to financial problems it had to be shut down. It contained not only planetary positions but also somehow was forerunner of a scientific journal, as observational sets from Kremsmünster and other ex-Jesuits observatories were included. His main research field was centered on astrogeodetic surveying. Franz de Paula Triesnecker wurde als erstes Kind der Eheleute DreisenEgger in Mallon – einem Dorf mit damals 26 Häusern – im Tullnerfeld geboren. Getauft wurde er in der Pfarrkirche des Marktes Kirchberg am Wagram am 2. April 1745, dem Namenstag von Franciscus de Paula. Der Vater unterstand als Bauer und Weinhändler der jesuitischen Grundherrschaft von Winkelberg, die in Kirchberg die Marienwallfahrt betreute. Der junge, aufgeweckte Franciscus dürfte den Jesuiten aufgefallen sein. Über seine Ausbildung vor Eintritt als Novize in den Jesuitenorden im Jahre 1761 in Wien ist nichts bekannt. Dort durchlief er die übliche Ausbildung. Ab 1764 lernte er alte Sprachen und war Hilfslehrer in Szakolosc; 1765 66 erfolgte sein Philosophiestudium in Wien, 1767-68 erfolgte seine Ausbildung in Mathematik und ”alte” Sprachen in Tyrnau und 1769 unterrichtete er in Krems. Von 1770 74 war er teilweise am nordischen Kolleg in Linz tätig, wo er erste Forschungen mit Franciscus de Paula Schrank,dem späteren Leiter des botanischen Gartens in München, begann und für seine Zukunft wichtige Kontakte 32 Franciscus de Paula Triesnecker zu Kremsmünster knüpfte. Ab 1771 studierte er Theologie, zuerst in Wien und anschließend in Graz. Die Auflösung des Jesuitenordens 1773 traf ihn mitten in der Ausbildung. Er war gezwungen, Weltpriester zu werden. Dafür wurde ihm 1774 der Tischtitel verliehen, und er konnte zum Priester geweiht werden. Sein Studium beendete er 1775 in Graz mit der Promotion zum Doktor der Philosophie. Er wurde, wie viele andere Exjesuiten in der Grazer Stadtpfarrkirche ,,Zum heiligen Blut“ untergebracht. Persönlich hielt er sich für geeignet zu unterrichten. allerdings sind die Dokumente aus dieser Zeit sind zum großen Teil verloren gegangen. 1780 gelang es Triesnecker nach Wien an die Universitätssternwarte zu Maximilian Hell zu kommen, dort wurde er Hells Adjunkt. In dieser Funktion gab er die ,,Wiener Ephemeriden“ zusammen mit Hell heraus. Diese enthielten neben täglichen Positionen von Himmelskörpern auch Berichte über aktuelle astronomische und meteorologische Ereignisse in lateinischer Sprache. Zur Namensgebung des neu entdeckten Planeten ,,Uranus“, den die Wiener ,,Urania“ nennen wollten, verfasste Triesnecker schwärmerische lateinische Gedichte in Distichen. Die finanzielle Situation der Wiener Sternwarte verschlechterte sich allerdings bald. Die Anschaffung moderner Geräte war daher nicht mehr oder nur sehr schwer möglich. Auch die Luftverschmutzung nahm sehr stark zu, sodass Beobachtungen in Wien nicht mehr gut durchführbar waren. Man war auf Fremddaten angewiesen und verlegte sich auf Berechnungen. Nach dem Tod von Hell wurde Triesnecker 1793 Direktor der UniversitätsSternwarte. Diese Tätigkeit übte er bis zu seinem Tode im Jahre 1817 aus. Er nahm sich als Adjunkt einen ausgezeichneten Rechner, seinen ehemaligen Schüler Johann Tobias Bürg. Dieser erhielt die Berechnung der Mondtafeln erhielt 1800 den großen Preis (1kg Gold) des Pariser National-Instituts. Ein derartiger übernationaler Reputationserfolg brachte der Wiener Sternwarte eine gewisse Entspannung ihrer finanziellen Situation. Zusammen gaben Triesnecker und Bürg die ,,Wiener Ephemeriden“ – bis zu ihrer Einstellung aus finanziellen Gründen 1806 – heraus. Viele Beobachtungsdaten erhielt er durch Korrespondenz, besonders aus dem Benediktinerstift Kremsmünster von Pater Thaddeus Derflinger, mit dem ihn auch eine innige Freundschaft verband. Die Briefe an den Pater, die in Latein abgefasst waren, habe ich in meinem Buch (s. Lit.) in übersetzter Form in den Anhang aufgenommen. Triesnecker verbesserte die Daten der Tafeln von Tobias Mayer. Er berechnete Tafeln zu den Daten des Merkur und Mars, der Venus und des Mondes. Weiters versuchte er, die Gestalt der Erde aus Sonnenfinsternissen abzuleiten, die Masse der Venus, sowie die Durchmesser von Sonne, Mond und Planeten mittels Mikrometerobjektiv zu bestimmen. Einer seiner wichtigsten Tätigkeiten H. Kastner-Masilko 33 aber war die Bestimmung von geographischen Längen und Breiten zahlreicher Orte mittels Bedeckungen von Fixsternen und aus Sonnenfinsternissen. Viele dieser Daten veröffentlichte er in den deutschsprachig verfassten Abhandlungen der königlichen böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaft in Prag, sowie bei Freiherrn Franz Xaver von Zach in der ,,Monatlichen Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erdund Himmelskunde“ in Gotha und bei Elert Bode im ,,Astronomisches Jahrbuch“ in Berlin. Weitere Leistungen stellten die Mitarbeit an der Vermessung von Galizien zusammen mit Metzburg (1796), sowie die Fertigstellung der Vermessung von Niederösterreich nach dem Tode von Metzburg (1798) dar. Die von Triesnecker vermessenen Daten wurden von Kellermann in eine Karte eingearbeitet. Die Erstellung einer gedruckten Karte auf Grund dieser Daten erfolgte allerdings niemals. Teils waren die Franzosenkriege, teils auch die Ablehnung der nö. Stände daran schuld. Aber noch heute greift man auf Triesneckers Berechnungen zurück, weil sie die genauesten sind, wenn keine Satellitendaten über diesen Ort vorliegen. Ehrung wurde Triesnecker dadurch zuteil, dass er Mitglied der gelehrten Gesellschaften zu Prag, München, Brünn, Göttingen und St. Petersburg wurde. Vom Österreichischen Staat erhielt er 1809 den höchsten zivilen Orden, den Leopoldsorden, verliehen. Wegen seines geringen Einkommens musste er allerdings um Gebührenbefreiung für das Verleihungsverfahren ansuchen. Derzeit ist in Wien kein Bildnis von ihm erhalten geblieben. Weiters hielt er Vorlesungen über ,,Praktische Astronomie“ an der Universität Wien, machte Wetterbeobachtungen, Eichungen von Mikroskop-Komparatoren und fürte Zeitmessungen durch. Auch versuchte er, bei Erdbeben Epizentren zu bestimmen. Dabei halfen ihm stehen gebliebene oder weitergelaufene Pendeluhren, bzw. zog er Schlüsse aus zu diesen Ereignissen eintreffenden Berichten. Gestorben ist er am 29. Jänner 1817 in Wien in der Bäckerstraße 802 im Universitätsgebäude. Die Todesursache war Lungenbrand. Begraben wurde er in St. Marx, sein Grab ist heute unbekannt. Die Nachwelt ehrte ihn mit der Benennung eines Mondkraters und eines Rinnensystems. Der Mondkrater ist sehr zentral bei den Mondkoordinaten 4◦ 12’ N 3◦ 36’ O gelegen.

Medizin und Mediziner im Zeitalter von Ferenc Kazinczy

\ud Das Zeitalter von Ferenc Kazinczy war eine entscheidende Phase in der spektakulären Durchsetzung ärztlicher Deutungsmacht. Die gelehrte Medizin der promovierten Ärzte wurde von England über Frankreich bis hin zum Habsburgerreich, so auch in Ungarn, von immer größeren Bevölkerungsgruppen nachgefragt. Die im vorliegenden Aufsatz behandelten sechs Ärzte (József Szentgyörgyi, József Viczay, Sámuel Nagy, József Cseh-Szombati, Mihály Kováts und János Dercsényi) repräsentieren das anspruchsvolle Interesse an kulturellen Erfahrungen, das enzyklopädische Wissen, den in der Gesellschaft eingenommenen Status und den gesellschaftlichen Rang, somit all das, was für eine kleinere Elitegruppe der akademischen Ärzteschaft im Zeitalter der Aufklärung kennzeichnend war.\u