Emancipação, Expulsão e Exclusão: Visões do Negro no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos nos anos 1860

The present article intends to analyze a dispatch sent by the plenipotentiary minister of the United States in Brazil during the decade of 1860s, James W. Webb, to the Abraham Lincoln’s State Secretary, William H. Seward in the matter of the negotiation with the Brazilian Government involving the constitution of a binational colonization company for the Amazon River Valley using as target population former slaves from United States. The referred document contains a great deal of personal impressions of Webb regarding racial relations in Brazil, but it also can potentially reveal interesting views of the changing scenario of racial balance in United States during Civil War.

Culto aos antepassados, Yuta e comunidade a prática do culto aos antepassados pelos descendentes de Okinawanos no Brasil

In this article, we intend to scribe an preliminary interpretation in relation to characteristics of the practice of ancestor worship, accomplished of Okinawan immigrants and their descendants in Brazil. The Objective of this work is to analyse the transformations and the Okinawan shaman's function in this practice,relating this questions with the change of connexion of Okinawa, Japan and Brazil, of the point view Okinawan residents in Brazil. For this, this analysis is parted, for convenient, in four periods: before World War II, after World War II until decade of 70, decade od 70 as far as decade of 80 and decade of 90. Through the survey of the specificity of practice of ancestor worship in each period and of several factor that influenced this practice, we intend to analyse the influences of the process of globalization had on this practice. Key-words: ancestor worshio, Yuta (shaman), Okinawan (immigrants and their descendants in Brazil, globalization, strategy of subsistence. Estudos Japoneses, n. 29, p. 81-97, 2009 81

Você sabe de onde eu venho? O Brasil dos cantos de guerra (1942-1945)

This work analyses, over and beyond the Brazilian war songs during the Second World War, the Brazil (itself) in the war songs. It uses the plays created by the FEB and FAB combatants in Italy, the music revealed by the military musicians and by radio transmissions of FEB as well as the hymns that stimulated the patriotic actions of Brazilians throughout the country. Also, commercial records, launched during the years that the country effectively participated in the conflict (1942-1945), illustrating the Brazilian viewpoint during this particular situation of international rearrangement. All these songs have passed through the sieve of Brazilian Critical Theorry, finding in the parody the most common tool at the time for show the social structures in music.

Guerra do Paraguai: os caminhos da memória entre a comemoração e o esquecimento

The Paraguay War finished on the 1st of March, 1870. In order to keep the enemies within their frontiers, Brazil needed to mobilize the Army and the National Guard. Also, a group of Volunteers was formed. The political and social scenery changed thoroughly during the 5 years of war, and almost all family had a member – a son, a brother, a husband or a friend – fighting in Paraguay. The troops returned to Brazil after the bloody campaign. A lot of debate was promoted by controversies between the govern of D. Pedro II, the liberal press and members of the senate regarding the reception of the troops in Brazil. It was a dispute between commemorating and forgetting. In this thesis, we follow the paths that lead to the memory of the war in Paraguay: the adorned streets of Rio de Janeiro as well as the provinces capitals, so as to report both the popular and official parties that received the volunteers with relief, tears, flowers and poetry. On July 10 th 1870, an official party, known as “Festa do Barracão” was held in Rio de Janeiro, to celebrate the victory of Brazilian troops and to remember those who died at war, finishing a sad, violent chapter of the national history. We analyzed the dispute between Count D‟Eu and the Duke of Caxias for the memory of the war. We also walked through the streets of Niterói, Salvador, Recife, São Paulo and Desterro, where sick and mutilated soldiers, ex-combatants of the war, turned into mendicants, provoking public disorders and riots. In the provinces far from Rio, we met the widowers and orphans who begged the imperial government for bread. In the secretaries of government, in the offices of province presidents and at important press centers, a huge volume of petitions and pleads required refunds and compensations. Veteran military men applied for belated payments, earth, public jobs, honorific titles etc. In public prisons, ex-slaves were taken back to captivity by their old masters. In Bom Jesus Island, we walked around and through the sumptuous building of the Invalids Asylum, a place full of resentment. The story we want to tell walks, thus, in two simultaneous paths: commemoration and forgetfulness. Key-words: Paraguay war – memory – commemoration – forgetfulness – volunteers at war

O brasil e a segurança no cone sul no pós-guerra fria

Evolution of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

At the end of the Second World War, the devastation of many cities in Europe, combined with the problems of reconstruction and loss of financial support, had brought European medical research to a halt. On the other hand, in the United States the war brought about an enormous amount of scientific research through the development of nuclear weapons, the mass production of penicillin, early computers, and a variety of other technological advances, some of which were eventually put to use by medical investigators.In the immediate postwar years, Congress began 3 decades of generous funding for medical research and education through the National Institutes of Health and the Public Health Service. In the 1920s and 1930s, medical research money had been scarce, but after the war there was a flood of money. The National Institutes of Health budget for medical research in 1945 was $180 000. By 1947, it was increased to $4 000 000, in 1950 to $46 000 000, and in 1974 to $1 billion.1 By 2008, the total budget just for the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was almost $3 billion.Since colonial times, it had been customary for young American physicians to spend postgraduate time in Vienna, Berlin, London, or Paris. Now the opposite was true. It became important for a young European physician to have worked for a year or so in a US medical center. The world center for medical education and research had shifted from Europe to the United States.Postwar medical progress was also stimulated by several other programs. The Hill-Burton act of 1946 provided funds for community hospital upgrades and construction. Initially this bill provided $75 million per year for 5 years. It was a matching plan in which local hospitals were required to raise two thirds of the new …

Are Macrophages the Foot Soldiers in the War Waged by Aldosterone Against the Heart?

The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is present in a myriad of extrarenal tissues, including endothelial cells,1 vascular smooth muscle cells, and cardiac myocytes.2 The physiological role played by the MR in these tissues remains unclear because, as yet, aldosterone seems to have only deleterious effects at these receptors. The study by Rickard et al3 adds macrophages to the list of cells where aldosterone has pathophysiological effects. This group has shown that aldosterone, or MR activation, is intrinsically involved in cardiac fibrosis and that inflammation and macrophage infiltration are precursors to this.4,5 The latest article highlights the importance of macrophages in this process and assigns a key role to the MR in macrophages (Figure). This elegant study used macrophage-specific MR knockout mice. When treated with deoxycorticosterone (DOC), wild-type mice develop hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, and inflammation concomitant to macrophage infiltration. Knockout mice show macrophage infiltration but do not develop fibrosis or hypertension. This tells us 2 things. First, macrophages may infiltrate a tissue without having detrimental effects. Second, the macrophage MR is needed to mediate the blood pressure and fibrogenic responses but not for infiltration. Figure. Macrophage-specific deletion of the MR does not impair adhesion or infiltration in response to DOC but does prevent the formation of cardiac fibrosis.That is only one side of the story. The role played by aldosterone in the inflammatory response becomes complicated when one considers the infiltration process. The study by Rickard et al3 suggests the macrophage MR does little to control infiltration. However, studies by Caprio et al1 suggest that …

Personal Reflections From a Front-Row Seat at the Greatest Show on Earth (Life)

Part I of this discussion of my 65 years since graduating from medical school covered my reasons for being in medicine at all, my explanation for the theatrical terms in the earlier para-scientific document, and finally the effect of World War II on my career.1Part II will attempt to touch on the privileged life I led in the field of stroke prevention research. In its entirety it is designed as a story or tale about my 50 years in medical practice and does not follow the standard format of a scientific paper.Previously I alluded to the ongoing prejudicial custom of critical attempts to resist new ideas in scientific endeavor. I gave as examples the discordant behavior in Toronto that greeted the discovery of insulin and of less far-reaching consequence my own attempts to convince Canadian and American colleagues that there were 5 distinct causal mechanisms leading to syringomyelia. Surgeons in Cleveland and Boston were adamant that there was but one. Postmortem studies and now routine MR studies prove them wrong.My next contribution of a controversial nature was a description of a group of young patients with stroke whose causes we defined in a study with age and gender-matched controls as being due to emboli associated with mitral valve prolapse and to suggest that this was a clinically overlooked cause of cerebral ischemic events.2 Denials of variable vehemence appeared but the accumulating pathological and surgical data were quite incontrovertible. Ultimately in an Olmstead County prevalence study its occurrence as a cause of stroke was validated.3 Its prevalence is probably less than we suggested in our first report. The difference is probably explained by improvement in the conduct, interpretation and the delineation of newer stroke causes revealed by echocardiography. At times more than one potential cause …

The Defense Policy of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic Since 1989: Stages, Milestones, Challenges, Priorities, and Lessons Learned

The end of the Cold War dramatically changed the perception of international security and the subsequent formulation of security and defense policies in both Western and Eastern bloc countries. The newly established political leadership in the formerly communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe had to struggle to adapt their defense policies to a new politico-strategic environment while dealing with the many challenges of democratic governance. Furthermore, the transformation of these states also required a transition from a centrally-planned economy to free market structures. The Czechoslovak Federal Republic (CSFR)—known since 1 January 1993 (after its peaceful dissolution) as the Czech Republic (CR)—was no exception to this process. The CSFR’s primary goal after the Velvet Revolution was to establish a liberal democracy and a free market economy in the light of Western political and economic values. Ensuring external and internal security has been always seen as an integral part of those overall objectives; thus, the key steps of the transition from communism in the Czech Republic were profoundly connected with security and defense policy formulation and its execution. This essay examines the main drivers shaping the defense policy of the CSFR and CR since 1989. It also charts its evolution in the form of defense sector reforms. This project also identifies the most important lessons learned, which may be useful for future defense policy formulation and execution in small and medium-size countries that are undergoing the process of military transformation as an integral part of their overall democratization. For the purpose of this project, “defense policy” is understood as a program for defending a country against its enemies and as a set of all necessary precautions taken by one state in order to safeguard and strengthen its external security. Defense policy is a process, with objectives and priorities. The political leadership of the CSFR and CR has always strived to adopt a liberal defense policy that reflects developments in the national and international security environment, national values and interests, and that

Taliban and Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication

For Taliban and Jihadist terrorists, strategic communication is a vital part of their asymmetrical war fighting campaign. As long as the Eastern Bloc existed, military conflicts were largely determined by the policy of the United States and the Soviet Union, and were therefore part of the larger East-West conflict. Since this symmetricalglobal conflict was decided in favor of the West, numerous asymmetrical conflicts have erupted around the globe. Terrorist actions, like the attack in Mumbai, India in November 2008, have become a worldwide menace. In particular, Islamic jihadist terrorism has spread beyond the borders of the regions in which it originated and has taken on a global dimension. The terrorist use of airliners as massive flying bombs in the attacks on New York and Washington on 11 September 2001 was a sad climax in this new dimension of asymmetrical conflicts. To offset this threat requires knowledge of what motivates, feeds, and sanctions jihadist terrorists and their followers. Research and analysis of the root causes and underlying conditions, motivators, and enablers of terrorism—including the propaganda strategies of terrorists—are vital to shaping appropriate countermeasures to the threat from Islamist terrorism. The complex set of interactions and dependencies between media and terrorism still need to be investigated more fully. In particular, further research is needed into the ways that terrorists utilize the Internet. One way to begin this investigation—and the approach this paper takes—is to study the communication techniques that jihadists use according to the elements that are used to generate a strategic communication management plan. The theoretical terrorist communication plan described in this essay shows that jihadist terrorists know how to apply strategic communication management techniques in disseminating their messages. The mass media, and especially the Internet, have become the key enablers and the main strategic communication assets for terrorists and have ensured them a favorable communication asymmetry. With these assets, terrorists