Although the Northeast Asian region is more stable now than during the Cold War, significant unresolved issues remain. Most significantly, North Korea remains a security and economic problem for the entire region. In addition, unresolved territorial and historical disputes, how to deal with China's emergence, and whether the USA will retain its leadership position, are all issues on the agendas of states in the region. This article will address those four issues, and argue that neither realism nor liberalism provide a comprehensive explanation for the relative salience and importance of these issues. Alternatively, I argue that identities and interests are central to explaining both the sources of stability and potential instability in East Asia, and that relative capabilities and economic relations, while important, do not provide a clear picture of the fundamental dynamics in the region. What states want is more important than how powerful they are, and it is the question of state intentions, and how they view their own position in the world and their relationship to their neighbors, that will ultimately determine whether Northeast Asia continues to move toward stability or slides into instability.
Since the waning days of the Cold War, the US–ROK alliance has gone through a number of changes. Its transformation has accelerated for the past several years in no small part due to the Bush administration's new strategy, military transformation, and global base realignment as well as the Roh government's desire for self‐reliant defense. This article outlines the ways in which the three changes have affected the alliance, and assesses the impacts they are likely to have on the security of the Korean peninsula and Northeast Asia. It concludes with a consideration of the modifications that the new governments in Seoul and Washington are likely to make to the transformation of the alliance in the near future.
John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971) is widely credited with having revived post–World War II Anglo American political philosophy. This book together with his later writings are routinely judged to constitute the most important body of work in that field. Indeed, with the collapse of Second World and Third World socialist ideologico-political alternatives, liberalism in one form or another has become globally hegemonic, so that for many commentators, the qualifiers “postwar” and “Anglo American” should just be dropped. Thus the blurb on the jacket of The Cambridge Companion to Rawls (Freeman 2003a) simply asserts without qualification: “John Rawls is the most significant and influential political and moral philosopher of the 20th century.” Translated (as of 2003) into twenty-seven languages (Freeman 2003b, 1), the subject of a vast body of secondary literature numbering literally thousands of articles, A Theory of Justice has long since become a canonical text. Yet for those interested in issues of racial justice, philosophers of color in particular, it has also long been a very frustrating text.1 We face a paradox: Rawls, the celebrated American philosopher of justice, had next to nothing to say in his work about what has arguably historically been the most blatant American variety of injustice, racial oppression. The postwar struggle for racial justice in practice and in theory and the Rawlsian corpus on justice are almost completely separate and nonintersecting universes. The remediation of the legacy of white supremacy is apparently not of the slightest interest or concern for Rawls and most of his commentators and critics, as manifested in the marginality of this subject in his own work, and its virtual nonappearance in the secondary literature. Samuel Freeman’s edited Cambridge Companion to Rawls (2003a), for example, which provides a synoptic overview of key themes in the literature, has not a single subsection of any chapter, let alone any chapter, on race, while the 2006 Perspectives on Politics special symposium on Rawls barely has two paragraphs on the subject (Ackerley et al. 2006). So, particularly for people of color in the United States, but also for those elsewhere, for example in the former colonizing powers and in the former colonial world, a weird feeling of inconRawls on Race/Race in Rawls
Initially, I was not sure what to make of Professor Mills’s observation that Rawls did not deal with race in his seminal work, A Theory of Justice, or in his later works-including Political Liberalism, Law of Peoples, or Justice a s Fairness: A Restatement. This lack of knowing reflects an ambivalence that I have about contemporary political theory. Or perhaps this could better be characterized as a lack of faith in the desire of mainstream contemporary political theorists to care deeply about all aspects of justice. So race is not at the forefront of a Rawlsian conception of justice. Rawls concedes this point and notes that “an omission is not as such a fault” (Mills, 168). Furthermore, Professor Mills acknowledges that Rawls insists that ”the principles [of justice] he articulated [could] be adapted and utilized to address racial injustice, even if he himself did not so use them” (Mills, 169). This is where the discussion ends for Rawls and many contemporary political theorists, and this is where part of me is content to leave the discussion. After all, Rawls has the right to determine his own research projects. Given the time frame within which Rawls wrote Theory, it is curious that he does not seem to have been influenced by the struggles for civil rights occurring all around him. But, at the time, the United States was also in the midst of the Vietnam War, and Rawls does not seem to have a lot to say about just war theory, either. Part of me remains unconvinced tha t Rawls’s refusal t o engage in an in-depth discussion of race is a serious failing in the Theory or in his later work. One can only see this as a serious failing if one is hopeful about the role of Rawlsian theory in solving actual world problems, particularly problems that involve race. I am ambivalent-both about whether i t matters tha t Rawls and many other mainstream political theorists do not tackle race and my sense about whether they should. I thank Professor Mills for giving me more to think about on this issue. My comments a re about wanting to more fully understand Mills’s position while working through my own ambivalence. So the tone will be tentative. For Mills, that Rawls does not engage race in his “huge body of work focused on questions of social justice” is a major failing given tha t racial injustice is “the distinctive injustice of the
In the world, approximately 800,000 total hip replacements are implanted, while, at least 50,000 hip replacements are performed in the United Kingdom each year. Orthopaedic surgeons have traditionally delayed joint replacement surgery in patients younger than 60 due to its limited survivorship time and biological effect inside the human body. The highest percentage (71%) hip joint failure was caused by aseptic loosening of the femoral and acetabular components and the war rate and debris are the accepted causes of that aseptic loosening. The wear particles, either ion or stable form, can react with proteins and change the pH value of albumin solutions inside the human body, causing damage to the DNA resulting in genotoxicity. There has been a great deal of research into the materials, dimension of the prosthesis, surface roughness, and lubrication effect by surface coating. But it is very rare to apply surface texture technique to a metallic prosthesis bearing surface although it has proven very successful in many engineering applications including automobile industry due to secondary lubrication effect and hydrodynamic effect. A TE 77 high frequency friction simulator has been used for the experiment where specimens were manufactured with 50 mm diameters and 50μm clearance. A dynamic loading was applied synchronized with Hip CD 98 while the temperature was controlled at 37°C. The output data including friction coefficient, friction force and contact pot were recorded in connected computer via COMPEND 2000 software. The surfaces were inspected after and before test under scanning electronic microscopy. The plateau honed surfaces were produced on the moving specimens with controlled load, speed and various grade of emery paper using a specially designed tool. The friction coefficient was recorded 0.035 for the honing surface which was made by 30 kg laod and 60 emery paper, 0.04 for the honing surface profile made by 30 kg load and 150 emery paper and 0.06 for plane surface after one million cycles. The rest of surfaces profiled surface were broken down before one million cycles. That made a conclusion that plateau honing surface made with 30 kg load and 60 emery paper was best surface texture profile (45° honed angle, 40±10μm width and 35±10μm depth honing) for the metal on metal hip prosthesis. The comparison experiment was continue for plane surface and plateau honing surface of 60 emery paper and 30 kg load up to one and half millions cycles. It was found that the friction coefficient (0.03) was further reduced 0.005 after one and half million cycles for plateau honing surface but it was increased nearly double (0.065) for plane surface. The static friction coefficient was also reduced 38% in case of that plateau honing surface. The contact pot profile which is an indicator of fluid film thickness was noticed higher in plateau honing surface. This was evidence that the lubrication distribution was better in plateau honed surface which should provide longer life of joint, reduce wear and improves acceptability of metal on metal hip joints.
This paper discusses how museums and galleries might positively engage with Asian audiences and bring Asian communities into the museum environment. Museums are cultural institutions that should reflect, preserve, interpret and promote cultural heritage and communities. In the local Acts of the four major metropolitan museums in New Zealand, there are specific requirements for these institutions to represent their communities' ethinic diversities. New Zealand has become increasingly multicultural. According to New Zealand's 2006 census, 17.8 percent of New Zealanders are of non-Pakeha, non-Maori ethnicity, and 22.9 percent were born outside New Zealand. With the growing number of Asians living in New Zealand, and in particular Auckland, a question may be raised as to whether local museums truly reflect and engage with these communities. Using the example of the exhibition Loli-pop: a downtown Auckland view on Japanese street fashion as a case study ( Auckland War Memorial Museum, 14 September - 26 November), the authors explore how New Zealand museums and galleries can effectively reflect and communicate with Asian audiences through exhibition.
Flying at 30,000 feet the modern air traveller can see the undifferentiated world stretching out beneath them, and in doing so bask in the glow of globalisation triumphant. Yet located in the seat pocket, jacket, or bag there lurks constant, if banal, reminders of the fiction of this perspective. Nestled around the body of the traveller is a mobile archive that aims to embrace the traveller in a network within which the place of the traveller as a traveller is maintained. This paper examines the hidden genealogies and geographical imaginations of these travelling documents. Drawing on examples from the fabrication of New Zealand’s post-World War One passport and permit system the chapter suggests that rather than annihilating place, travel documents entangle the traveller in complex relationships of placeness and placelessness which have long been based on the biopolitical geographies of threat and risk
Purpose: Whole Abdomen Radiotherapy (WAR) of epithelial ovarian cancer though effective has been used sparingly due to inadequate target coverage and poor sparing of Organs‐At‐Risk (OAR) leading to significantly higher toxicities. Newer radiation techniques have shown potential for significant improvement in the therapeutic ratio. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Helical Tomotherapy (HT) for WAR. Methods & Material: HT plans were generated for five patients with field‐width of 5.0/2.5cm, modulation factor of 3.5/3.0, and a pitch of 0.3. A dose of 25Gy in 25 fractions was prescribed to the abdomen with a simultaneous boost of 45Gy in 25 fractions to the pelvis. Dose‐volume parameters and various indices were analyzed and compared with other published studies on WAR with IMRT, IMAT and HT. Results: Mean volume (standard‐deviation) of abdominal and pelvic PTV was 6630(±450)cm 3 and 1235(±98)cm 3 respectively. Mean length of PTV in cranio‐caudal direction was 41(±4)cm. Volume receiving 95% and 107% of the prescription dose, V 95% and V 107% was 95.6(±2.7)% and 2.6(±0.5)% for abdominal‐PTV, and 95.7(±2.4)% and 0% for pelvic‐PTV respectively, which is superior as compared to other studies. Homogeneity and Conformity indices were 17.5(±1.7), 1.2(±0.03) for abdominal PTV, and 5.2(±0.7), 1.1(±0.02) for pelvic‐PTV respectively. Median dose received by the kidneys, liver and bone marrow were 9.6(±1.2)Gy, 17(±2.7)Gy and 22(±1.4) Gy respectively. The kidney dose was lower, while liver and bone marrow was higher as compared to other series, which could be attributed that 1.5cm of liver surface was included in the PTV, while bone marrow includes ribs, vertebrae, pelvic bones & upper end of femerii. Conclusions: HT achieves an excellent coverage of WAR target with simultaneous pelvic boost and OAR sparing. HT for WAR has the potential as consolidative therapy which is being evaluated further in a phase II cohort study in epithelial ovarian cancers.