Various security attacks may cause unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network accessible resources. To prevent these attacks various authentication means can be used to provide authenticated key exchange protocols. Authenticated key exchange protocol allows the exchange of session key and also authenticates the identities of parties involved in the key exchange. It mathematically binds the agreed key to other agreed upon data such as shared secret keys, passwords and public/private key pairs. The reliability and security of the authentication protocol can be increased by combining two factors in the same authentication protocol. Many two-factor authenticated schemes have been proposed due to its usefulness. The main focus of this paper is to propose an enhanced two-factor authenticated scheme that can resist various security attacks in network by eliminating the attack races by matching it with knowledge available in the network as well as provide user anonymity.
Traffic congestion is one of the major issues faced by many cities of the world. The causes for such congestion are the rapid growth in the number of vehicles and lack of proper infrastructure. In this study, we propose an intelligent traffic congestion reduction system using proximity sensors, which can be used at the crossroads of metropolitan cities for reducing traffic congestion. It can also be used for detecting vehicles and managing and controlling signaling system.
The aim of this paper is to analyze the educational, economical and benefits of E-learning. This study reflected that the e-learning has greater beneficial role in human and social abilities beside its important role in replenishing the universal shortage in math and science teachers and in solving the problem on of laboratories shortage in poor countries. The paper has also indicated the rapid growth of e-learning economics which is expected to reach 100 billion dollars in 2015. Lastly, the paper described the Sudanese condition as an example of poor African countries.