Aims: We analysed the prevalence of plasmid mediated multidrug resistance among Proteus spp isolated from wound infection patients attending healthcare centers in Maiduguri. Methodology: 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and investigated via microscopy, cultured on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Suspected Proteus spp isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolates confirmed to be multidrug resistant (MDR) were subjected to gel electrophoresis for the determination of plasmid profile. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Proteus mirabilis was the most significant specie isolated (32.14%). Isolates were most sensitive/least resistant to Ciprofloxacin (85.71%/14.29%) and most resistant/least sensitive to Augmentin (10.71%/89.29%). 64.28% of isolates observed were MDR strains and were quite significant among patients between the ages of 21-30years (21.43%). MDR Proteus mirabilis was most the significant and highly prevalent among patients suffering from wound sepsis and burns (10.71% respectively). The association between MDR Proteus spp and wound types was statistically not significant (X2 =7.342, p>0.01). Plasmid profile analysis revealed that 72.22% of the MDR isolates harbour plasmids with a DNA fragment size of 100 bp and a molecular weight of 31ng/10µl. An average of 7.22% of MDR isolates were cured of their plasmids while an average of 56.67% of MDR isolates resisted curing. Conclusion: Here, we report a high prevalence of multidrug resistance and a high rate of plasmid carrying strains of Proteus spp in wounds of hospitalised patients. We suggest that there is a role played by plasmid in the mediation of multidrug resistance among the MDR Proteus spp isolated, where the majority of the MDR isolates observed carry plasmids.
Aims: To determine the infection rate and antibiogram of Proteus spp among hospitalised patients suffering from wound infection in Maiduguri. Methodology: A total of 320 wound swab samples were collected from August 2016 to June 2017, and processed via microscopy, culture and further confirmed by biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Proteus spp isolated. Results: Twenty eight (28) samples yielded Proteus spp, giving a prevalence rate of 8.75%. Male patients were more affected (60.71%) compared to females (39.29%). Difference in sex in relation to rate of infection was statistically not significant (X =3.963, p70 Original Research Article Tom et al.; IJPR, 1(2): 1-8, 2018; Article no.IJPR.44391 2 years (3.57% respectively) recorded the least. Patients suffering from Wound Sepsis and Burns recorded the most significant infection rate (28.57% respectively). Proteus mirabilis (53.57%) was the most isolated Proteus specie while Proteus penneri (7.14%) was the least. Proteus spp isolates demonstrated a marked resistance against Augmentin (89.29%) and Nalidixic Acid (85.71%) but high sensitivity was observed towards Ciprofloxacin (85.71%) and Streptomycin (78.57%). Conclusion: We establish that Proteus spp actually contribute to the pathology of wounds infection among hospitalised patients, and the Proteus specie most implicated in the aetiology of wound infection is Proteus mirabilis. Ciprofloxacin and Streptomycin are the drugs of choice for the treatment of patients with Proteus spp wound infection in the study area, and the use of Nalidixic acid and Augmentin is highly discouraged due to high resistance.
Aims: This study was carried out to analyze the plasmid profile of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated among catheterized patients attending the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. Place of Study: Department of Medical Microbiology (Laboratory Section), University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital and Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Nigeria. Original Research Article Umoru et al.; IJPR, 1(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.IJPR.44438 2 Methodology: 244 samples (catheter tip, urethral swab, urine) were collected from catheterised patients and investigated via microscopy and culture on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. Suspect Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were further confirmed using biochemical tests. Kirby bauer disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Isolates confirmed to be multidrug resistant (MDR) were subjected to plasmid profile analysis using agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: 21 yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa which gives a recovery rate of 8.6%. A significant proportion was isolated from catheter tip samples collected from male patients (33.33%). The association between sex of patient and sample type in the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was statistically significant (X = 10.76, df = 2, P <.01). Isolates were most-sensitive/least-resistant to Ofloxacin and Ampiclox, and least-sensitive/most-resistant to Penicillin. All isolates identified were multi-drug resistant (MDR) with an average resistance rate of 3.28 antimicrobials per isolate. Plasmid analysis revealed that 57.14% of isolates possessed similar plasmid with a DNA fragment size of 300bp and a molecular weight of 31 ng/10 μl. Conclusion: We establish a very high rate of multidrug resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Plasmid profile analysis of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa observed revealed a high plasmid prevalence rate and since most isolates cannot express the resistance marker after plasmid curing, we suggest that this is indicative of the plasmidial origin of such a marker.
Background: The significant indicator to access to effective treatment is the constant availability of essential drugs in health facilities and the accessibility to essential drugs is part of the fulfilment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health, that is, the right to health. There is compelling evidence of reduced availability of essential drugs which poses a significant barrier to access to medicines. Objective: To determine the knowledge of essential drugs by health managers and the availability of essential drugs in primary health care (PHC) centres in Sokoto state, North-Western Nigeria. Original Research Article Jamil et al.; IJTDH, 30(4): 1-8, 2018; Article no.IJTDH.39854 2 Methodology: The study population comprised of selected Primary Health Care Centres and their supervisory managers across Sokoto state. The study was cross-sectional and descriptive. Results: Sixty-six primary health care managers and their corresponding health facilities participated in the study. The mean age of the health managers was 43 years with 46 females and 20 males. This study found mean availability of essential drugs in the primary health care centres with 57.5% having adequate essential drugs, the knowledge of essential drugs among the primary health care facility managers was poor and the knowledge has a significant effect on the availability of essential drugs (p<0.001). Conclusion: Poor knowledge on essential drugs and its management by the Primary Health Facility Managers was a major contributing factor to the availability of essential drugs in the PHCs which consequently affects health service delivery at the health facilities. Training and re-training of primary health care managers on essential drugs and its management by the Sokoto state government through the State Primary Health Care Development Agency (SPHCDA) are recommended.