DWT Based Image Compression for Health Systems

There are calls for enhancing present healthcare sectors when it comes to handling huge data size of patients’ records. The huge files contain lots of duplicate copies. Therefore, the ideal of compression comes into play. Image data compression removes redundant copies (multiple unnecessary copies) that increase the storage space and transmission bandwidth. Image data compression is pivotal as it helps reduce image file size and speeds up file transmission rate over the internet through multiple wavelet analytics methods without loss in the transmitted medical image data. Therefore this report presents data compression implementation for healthcare systems using a proposed scheme of discrete wavelet transform (DWT), Fourier transform (FT) and Fast Fourier transform with capacity of compressing and recovering medical image data without data loss. Healthcare images such as those of human heart and brain need fast transmission for reliable and efficient result. Using DWT which has optimal reconstruction quality greatly improves compression. A representation of enabling innovations in communication technologies with big data for health monitoring is achievable through effective data compression techniques. Our experimental implementation shows that using Haar wavelet with parametric determination of MSE and PSNR solve our aims. Many imaging techniques were also deployed to further ascertain DWT method’s efficiency such as image compression and image de-noising. The proposed compression of medical image was excellent. It is essential to reduce the size of data sets by employing compression procedures to shrink storage space, reduce transmission rate, and limit massive energy usage in health monitoring systems. The motivation for this work was to implement compression method to modify traditional healthcare platform to lower file size, and reduce cost of operation. Image compression aims at reconstructing images from extensively lesser estimations than were already thought necessary in relations with non-zero coefficients. Rationally, fewer well-chosen interpretations is adequate to reproduce the new sample exactly as the source image. We look at DWT to implement our compression method.

Antidiarrhoeal Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Aristolochia ringens Stem Bark in Castor Oil-Induced Diarrhoeal Albino Rats

The antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem back was evaluated in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal rats. The A. ringens stem back ethanolic extract was, in addition, screened for its phytoconstituents. Thirty albino rats of 150-180 g were randomized into six groups of five animals each for each of the three experiments and all administration were oral. Rats in groups I and II were administered 1.0 ml distilled water and 1% DMSO (Vehicle) respectively, while those in group III were administered 2.5 mg/kg b.wt loperamide hydrochloride as reference drug. Rats in groups IV, V and VI were administered 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt. ethanolic extract of A. ringens stem bark. The castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model was used, the weight and volume of the intestinal content was determined by enteropooling method and the intestinal motility was determined using activated charcoal method. The small intestine of the rats was also assessed for histopathological changes. The extract significantly and dose-dependently reduced the number of diarrhoeal faeces, the volume of intestinal accumulation and the distance moved by the fed charcoal in treated rats compared to the untreated diarrhoeal group (group II). The percentage inhibitions exhibited by the extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight were significantly higher than that of the reference drug. Furthermore, the photomicrograph of the intestine of the extract treated rats showed intact intestinal architecture. Hence, ethanolic extract of Aristolochia ringens stem bark may contain phytochemicals with better antidiarrhoeal potentials which can be explored in the development of more viable antidiarrhoeal agents.

Comparative Analysis of Theoretical and Empirical Data of Synthetic Cannabinoids

Comparative studies of spectroscopic data of indol-3-carboxylates and indazole-3-carboxylates are reported from theoretical and empirical viewpoints. Structures of indol-3-carboxylates and indazole-3-carboxylates were modeled; quantum chemical method was employed to investigate the spectroscopic (NMR and FT-IR) properties of the structures.  The results obtained from the theoretical studies were compared to empirical results obtained for the spectroscopic properties of these compounds and level of agreement (or disagreement) between the results for the two studies are reported. The scope of the study is limited to the modeling, structural, and electronic and spectroscopic analyses of the modeled structures and comparative analysis of the theoretical data with published experimental data. The absorption transitions were calculated from the optimized geometry in the ground state (S0) using TD-B3LYP/6-31G**. The energy band gaps calculated showed that Naphthalene-1-yl 1–(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxylate (M5) has the lowest band gap energy, which may have a substantial influence on the intramolecular charge transfer and bioactivity of the molecule. The 13C and 1HNMR chemical shifts calculated at ab initio and DFT agreed with the experimental data. DFT/6-311G** has the best correlation with fitting factor 0.9956.Thus the chemical shifts from DFT/6-311G** are very close to the experimental and can be used in the absence of experimental data. The vibrational frequency analyses by DFT/B3LYP method are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values.

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