Journals
2026 EN
Rashid Farhan Lafta · AlObaidi Mudhar A. · Al Maimuri Najah M. L.
+6 more
ABSTRACT This study reviews recent advances in using nanofluids to enhance double‐pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) efficiency. The review examines several types of nanofluids, that is, water‐based graphene oxide and CuO–water nanofluids, assessing their effectiveness under different operating conditions, including inlet temperature and nanoparticle volume concentration. Experimental findings demonstrate that the inclusion of nanofluids can lead to notable improvements in thermal performance factors and thermal exchange ratios, primarily due to enhanced thermal conductivity. The review shows that optimizing flow rate per unit volume and nanoparticle concentration can significantly reduce pressure drop while achieving a peak heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, minimizing the concentration level would ensure efficient thermal performance with manageable pressure losses. Statistically, titanium dioxide nanofluids of 0.5% concentration can enhance thermal rates by 14.8%, while 115% improvement in heat transfer coefficients is ascertained using 0.6% concentration of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. Using iron oxide nanofluids can rise heat transfer rates by 41.29%, with negligible pressure drop after exposure to a magnetic field. Furthermore, hybrid nanofluids of aluminum oxide–titanium dioxide can introduce 84% enhancement in thermal performance, emphasizing their potential to optimize heat transfer in DPHE. However, further investigation is required particularly with the use of advanced surfactants to further enhance the thermal conductivity of DPHEs, and the need for long‐term stability assessments and cost–benefit analyses to support the industrial implementation of nanofluid‐based thermal systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Azzawi Itimad D. J. · Khalil Wissam H. · Alabdaly Ibrahim K.
+1 more
ABSTRACT Forced convection and entropy generation through a complex geometry like Cassini oval annuli play a significant role in many applied thermal engineering systems. The novel feature of the present work is a multi‐objective and multi‐response optimal design of the hydrothermal and entropy performance in a porous Cassini oval annular pipe. This approach integrates the response surface methodology (RSM) CFD simulation for evaluating different key design parameters. The variables studied are the inner twisted pipe pitches (0 ≤ P ≤ 1.5), aspect ratios (0.08 ≤ AR ≤ 0.2), porosity (0.1 ≤ ɛ ≤ 0.9), and pore density (5 ≤ PPI ≤ 35) with different Reynolds numbers (50 ≤ Re ≤ 250). These parameters impact heat transfer rate, fluid mixing, and pressure drop. Optimization results indicate that low inner twisted pipe pitch ( p = 0.5), low aspect ratio (AR = 0.08), low pore per inch (PPI = 5), and high porosity ( ɛ = 0.9) are favorable for enhancing hydrothermal performance (NuE = 12.23 and PEC = 3.069) with moderate entropy generation (EG = 0.940). Consequently, this study introduces a useful procedure for optimizing the hydrothermal and thermodynamic performance of forced convection in porous Cassini oval annular pipe cooling systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Bolarinwa Segun Thompson · Adekunle Ibrahim Ayoade · AlFaryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh
ABSTRACT This study examines the asymmetric effect in the globalisation–poverty relationship in Africa from 1980 to 2020, focusing on low‐income and middle‐income countries. It investigates the roles of institutional quality and economic growth in this context. The research employs the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), dynamic panel threshold analysis, and Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM‐QR). Findings indicate that in low‐income African countries, globalisation is associated with poverty reduction, as shown by linear regression analysis. However, in middle‐income countries, a threshold at 60% suggests that beyond this point, globalisation does not significantly reduce poverty. The MM‐QR further confirms that globalisation's poverty‐reducing effects are primarily seen around the median income level, rather than across the entire income spectrum. These results underscore the importance of considering income levels when evaluating globalisation's impact on poverty. Policymakers should note that the benefits of globalisation for poverty reduction vary with a country's income level. To maximise globalisation's poverty‐reducing potential, economic growth should be promoted alongside it. This study highlights the need for context‐specific approaches and policies to effectively harness globalisation's benefits for poverty reduction in Africa.
Journals
2026 EN
Taşkum İbrahim · Sınacı Selcan · Aslan Ferhat
+2 more
Abstract Objective To evaluate the responses of large language models (LLMs) to prenatal screening questions for fetal chromosomal anomalies in terms of scientific accuracy, guideline adherence, depth of response, and clarity, as well as their potential roles in patient education and health communication. Methods Responses generated by ChatGPT‐4o and Gemini Advanced 1.5 Pro to frequently asked questions (FAQs) on prenatal screening for fetal chromosomal anomalies were systematically compared. Expert reviewers assessed each reply using a Likert scale across four criteria: adherence to clinical guidelines, scientific accuracy, clarity, and depth of response. Readability scores were calculated with the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) formulas. Results LLMs were evaluated based on their responses to prenatal screening questions. ChatGPT‐4o received higher proportions of favorable ratings (“good” or “excellent”) across all evaluation criteria, including scientific accuracy, guideline adherence, clarity, and depth of response. The difference in average Global Quality Scale scores between ChatGPT and Gemini was statistically significant (3.87 vs. 3.70; P = 0.003). The mean FRE scores were 20.11 for ChatGPT‐4o and 32.25 for Gemini Advanced 1.5 Pro, and the mean FKGL scores were 15.09 and 12.64, respectively. The differences in both FRE and FKGL scores were statistically significant ( P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusion LLMs like ChatGPT‐4o and Gemini Advanced 1.5 Pro can provide highly accurate responses for prenatal screening for fetal chromosomal anomalies, but they should only be used for informational purposes. A healthcare professional should always be consulted before making any final decisions.
Journals
2026 EN
Taş Emre Erdem · Halilzade Mohammad İbrahim · Doğanay Melike
+1 more
Abstract Background/aim This study evaluated cesarean section scar endometriosis (CSSE) characteristics and compared adipose‐ and muscle‐layer CSSEs. Materials and methods We analyzed 53 patients who underwent CSSE surgery between 2019‐2024, with 38 (71.7%) having adipose‐layer and 15 (28.3%) having muscle‐layer CSSE. Results Patients’ mean age was 33.4 ± 5.9 years. Symptoms began 40.4 ± 23.5 months after cesarean section. CSSE occurred at scar corners in 42 patients (79.2%) and midline in 11 (20.8%). Mean preoperative CA‐125 was 24.1 ± 14.8 U/mL. Groups differed in symptoms, location, and CA‐125 levels. Adipose‐layer CSSE commonly presented with swelling at corners, while muscle‐layer CSSE showed pain at midline. Muscle‐layer CSSE had higher CA‐125 levels (38.2 ± 19.2 vs. 18.5 ± 7.3 U/mL; P = 0.01). The CA‐125 cutoff between groups was 30 U/mL. Pain (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; P = 0.03) and elevated CA‐125 (≥30 U/mL) (OR, 19.6; P < 0.01) independently associated with muscle‐layer CSSE. Conclusion These findings may have important implications in clinical practice, potentially aiding in the localization of undefined lesions, surgical planning, and monitoring of recurrence risk.
Journals
2026 EN
Gülhan İbrahim · Örün Hüseyin · Yanığlı Gülşen
+6 more
Abstract Objectives Assess high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HSIL/CIN) grade 2+ detection by cervical biopsy and endocervical curettage (ECC) in women younger than 30 years. Methods We retrospectively analyzed medical records from January 2016 to June 2024 at a tertiary hospital. All women aged 21 years and older who underwent HPV and Papanicolaou testing, plus those younger than 30 years referred for colposcopy, were included. Data on age, HPV status, cytology, colposcopy‐directed biopsy, and ECC findings were extracted. The primary outcome was HSIL/CIN 2+ incidence on pathology. Results Among 57 381 women, high‐risk HPV prevalence was 14.3% overall: 36.8% in those aged 21–24 years, 24.0% in those aged 25–29 years, and 12.7% in those 30 years and older. Of 735 women younger than 30 years, 291 were managed by follow‐up decision and 444 underwent biopsy/ECC; follow‐up decision was more common in women aged 21–24 years versus those 25–29 years (49% vs. 35.8%). Among the 444 women who underwent biopsy, HSIL/CIN 2+ and HSIL/CIN 3+ occurred in 37.8% and 14.6%, respectively, with similar HSIL/CIN 3+ rates in those aged 21–24 years versus those 25–29 years (16.8% vs. 13.9%). In 173 women with benign cytology, 30.1% had HSIL/CIN 2+ on pathology. The number needed to screen for HSIL was approximately 2–3 after co‐testing versus approximately 40 with Papanicolaou testing alone. In addition, Papanicolaou test alone demonstrated poor agreement with biopsy/ECC results (low Cohen κ ), confirming its inadequate performance. Two cases of cervical cancers were diagnosed at ages 22 and 29 years. Conclusions Similar high‐grade lesion rates in women aged 21–24 years and those 25–29 years support initiating cervical cancer screening at age 21 years. Given the substantial HSIL detection despite benign cytology, co‐testing with Papanicolaou and HPV testing is recommended in this age group.
Journals
2026 EN
Bascetin Tolga Saim · Emiroglu Ibrahim
ABSTRACT This study presents a high performance hybrid deep learning model for the classification of 14 lung diseases using chest X‐ray (CXR) images. Manual evaluation of CXR images is labor‐intensive and prone to human error. Therefore, automated systems are required to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. Our model integrates ResNet18 and EfficientNet‐V2‐S architectures, combining residual connections with efficient scaling to achieve high accuracy while maintaining computational efficiency. Trained on the NIH ChestX‐ray14 dataset, comprising 112 120 images across 14 disease classes, the model mitigates class imbalances with extensive data augmentation techniques. Achieving an impressive average AUC of 0.872, the model outperforms previous approaches. This performance was enhanced by a refined, anatomically‐aware data augmentation strategy that improved the model's robustness and clinical relevance, particularly in challenging disease categories such as Pneumothorax, Emphysema, and Hernia. To further validate its generalizability, the proposed model was tested on three additional datasets for pneumonia, COVID‐19, and tuberculosis. The results demonstrate superior performance, achieving an accuracy of 0.958, F 1 score of 0.944, and ROC AUC of 0.989 for pneumonia; an accuracy of 0.974, F 1 score of 0.969, and ROC AUC of 0.995 for COVID‐19; and an accuracy of 0.999, F 1 score of 0.999, and ROC AUC of 0.999 for tuberculosis. These outstanding results confirm the robustness and clinical applicability of the model across diverse datasets. This research introduces a reliable and efficient diagnostic tool that enhances the potential of automated lung disease classification. By alleviating radiologists' workload and promoting timely, accurate diagnostic outcomes, the model contributes significantly to medical imaging applications and demonstrates its capacity for practical use in real‐world clinical settings.
Journals
2026 EN
Ayalew Biruk Demisse · Khan Saim Mahmood · Teklehaimanot Helina K.
+10 more
ABSTRACT The burden of noncommunicable diseases is increasing rapidly in low‐ and middle‐income countries creating a growing need for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Nuclear medicine offers great potential in disease detection, treatment planning, and monitoring, yet its integration into resource‐limited health systems remains challenging. This review synthesizes evidence from peer‐reviewed publications and relevant reports from international agencies to examine barriers to, and enablers of, nuclear medicine adoption in these settings. We found that key obstacles include financial constraints, restricted access to essential materials, insufficient regulatory frameworks, and shortages of skilled professionals. These gaps contribute to safety concerns, inadequate waste management, and delays in service delivery. Although global initiatives have strengthened workforce training and promoted regulatory harmonization, persistent issues in financial sustainability and retention of trained staff hinder progress. Technological advances, such as novel imaging and therapeutic approaches, present opportunities; however, their successful implementation requires context‐specific strategies that align with local infrastructure and policy realities. Integrating nuclear medicine into health systems in low‐resource environments can address multiple health care priorities simultaneously, but this will require targeted investment, sustainable financing mechanisms, and strengthened institutional capacity. Collaborative international support, coupled with locally adapted policies, could accelerate equitable access and improve patient outcomes. Expanding the role of nuclear medicine in these regions has the potential to significantly enhance health care delivery and contribute to closing the global disparity in advanced medical services.
Journals
2026 EN
AbdulSalam Abdallah · Adam Ibrahim Osman · Preko Mansah
ABSTRACT Despite the transformative potential of e‐government services, sustained citizen adoption often remains minimal, a situation termed the e‐government paradox. Existing Information Systems (IS) literature largely treats user acceptance factors (UTAUT) and institutional governance dynamics (Institutional Theory) in isolation. This study addresses the critical gap of how platform governance mechanisms, driven by institutional pressures, dynamically reshape the technological characteristics and trust perceptions that govern e‐government adoption in developing countries. An interpretive case study methodology was employed at Electro‐G, a public utility in Ghana, integrating the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) with Institutional Theory. Data were collected through 72 semi‐structured interviews (52 customers, 20 staff) and analyzed using thematic synthesis guided by a combined theoretical coding scheme. The analysis reveals three critical dynamics: (1) Governance‐Mediated Technology Acceptance, demonstrating how institutional pressures (e.g., coercive outsourcing) erode user‐level constructs like Facilitating Conditions and Performance Expectancy; (2) An Institutional Trust‐Technological Reliability Paradox, where institutional trust coexists and is undermined by infrastructure distrust; (3) Governance Gaps, created by mimetic and normative pressures, lead to organizational agility trade‐offs, hindering rapid problem resolution despite regulatory compliance. This study makes a novel theoretical contribution by establishing a model of technology acceptance explicitly mediated by institutional context. For developing countries, the findings mandate a shift in policy focus from compliance‐oriented regulation to managing distributed accountability across organizational boundaries (MNOs/vendors) through enforceable service performance mechanisms, sustainable service delivery, and enhanced citizen engagement.
Journals
2026 EN
Acet Ayşegül · Azırak Sebile · Annaç Ebru
+3 more
ABSTRACT Rifampicin (RF) is a primary anti‐tuberculosis medication utilized in tuberculosis treatment, and its concurrent administration with other medications, as well as the duration of therapy, may result in adverse effects. While the hepatotoxicity of RF is established, its impact on the spleen remains unexamined. Thus, our study aimed to investigate the impact of RF on the spleen and the protective role of Linalool (LN), a monoterpene, through the Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) enzyme pathway, with biochemical analyses, oxidative stress parameters, protein levels, and histopathological assessments. In the study, thirty healthy adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly allocated into five groups: control, solvent control (dimethyl sulfoxide ‐ DMSO), RF, LN, and RF + LN. Spleen tissues and blood specimens were collected from the rats for examination. RF markedly elevated total and indirect bilirubin, Fe 2+ , HO‐1, and MDA levels, while diminishing GSH levels. Conversely, in the RF + LN group, total and indirect bilirubin, Fe 2+ , HO‐1, and MDA levels were dramatically reduced, whereas GSH levels were elevated. Histopathologically, RF‐induced defects were ameliorated in the LN‐treated cohorts. In conclusion, rifampicin exhibited toxic effects on the spleen, which were mitigated by LN.