Journals
2026 EN
Guo Haobo · Grover Karandeep · New Elizabeth J.
ABSTRACT Fluorescent sensor arrays provide pattern‑based, multidimensional optical fingerprints for detecting chemically and biologically diverse analytes across complex matrices. By leveraging orthogonal readouts (intensity, ratiometric channels, lifetime, and excitation–emission matrices) from cross‐reactive and target‐specific elements, fluorescent sensor arrays achieve sensitive, rapid measurements suitable for environmental, biomedical, and food‑safety applications. The data richness of fluorescent sensor arrays, however, exceeds the capabilities of traditional analytical approaches. Classical chemometrics, exemplified by principal component analysis for exploratory visualisation and linear discriminant analysis for baseline classification, assumes linear structure and homoscedasticity, and therefore struggles with non‑linear photophysical responses, multicollinearity, and mixture quantification. This review surveys machine‑learning methods that address these limitations for both discrimination and quantification, including support vector machines and k‑nearest neighbours, tree ensembles, Gaussian process and support‑vector regression, and neural/deep‑learning models tailored for spectra, excitation–emission matrices, and images. Practical guidance is provided on acquisition and pre‑processing, rigorous validation (nested cross‑validation, external tests), uncertainty quantification, and interpretability to inform array design and deployment. Case studies demonstrate improved sensitivity, selectivity, robustness, and calibration transfer. Remaining challenges, dataset size, drift, and matrix effects, are discussed alongside opportunities in excitation‑multiplexed “virtual arrays”, active learning, and explainable AI for next‑generation, data‑driven fluorescent sensing.
Journals
2026 EN
Wang Dongbin · Huang Xuanyu · Xiang Xiaojian
+8 more
ABSTRACT The deployment of wireless sensor networks in power grids is essential for real‐time monitoring of overhead transmission lines, enhancing system safety and reliability. However, the limited energy capacity of chemical batteries restricts their large‐scale application. Although current transformers (CTs) can harvest magnetic energy from transmission lines, their use is constrained by insufficient output power, magnetic core saturation, current fluctuations, and small‐current dead zones. Converting cable vibration energy into electricity offers a promising alternative, yet existing micro‐generators often suffer from large size, low output, and poor integration. This study presents a lateral swing electromagnetic generator (LS‐EMG) with a compact volume of 24.32 cm 3 , delivering a maximum output power of 2.28 mW at 9 Hz and 2 kΩ load, achieving a power density of 93.75 µW/cm 3 , nearly twice that of existing devices. Based on this generator, a self‐powered wireless sensor system was developed for smart grid applications. With a low‐power, high‐efficiency energy management circuit, the system can monitor ambient temperature and humidity of overhead cables on a second‐scale cycle and transmit data via Bluetooth. This work offers an effective strategy for integrating self‐powered wireless sensors into smart grid systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Hoang Trung Thien · Zhou Hao · Le Hongquan
+3 more
ABSTRACT Wearable human‐machine interfaces (HMIs) are vital for seamless interactions between humans and machines in wearable assistive and rehabilitative technologies, digital, and mixed environments. Here, an innovative non‐invasive, lightweight, comfortable, and wearable HMI is introduced for gesture recognition. The proposed HMI combines reliable soft optical waveguide sensing mechanism and comfortable‐on‐human‐skin textile structures to create flat and thin textile‐based optical force myography (oFMG) sensors that can detect pressure signals generated from muscle activities. Constructed mostly from textiles, the presented oFMG sensors offer excellent wearability together with highly sensitive, stable, and durable sensing performance. Leveraging the high‐quality signals of the textile oFMG sensors and machine learning algorithms, a forearm‐worn textile oFMG armband developed can achieve the highest offline gesture recognition accuracy of 99.80%. The capabilities of the textile oFMG sensors in this study are demonstrated as wearable HMIs for control of a computer game and a robotic prosthetic hand, highlighting the promising potential of the textile oFMG HMI for a wide range of applications, from control interfaces in digital or mixed environment to gesture recognition systems for biomedical assistive and rehabilitative technologies.
Journals
2026 EN
Duan Jinjie · Lei Yuning · Liu Zhuo
+2 more
ABSTRACT Against the backdrop of advancements in the Internet of Things and smart healthcare, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have demonstrated notable capabilities in converting low‐frequency mechanical energy—such as human respiration, pulse, and gait—into electrical energy. By coupling triboelectric charging with electrostatic induction, TENGs have evolved into a functional technology for integrated self‐powering and sensing. In recent years, TENG‐based physiological signal detection has undergone significant development, transitioning from single‐signal monitoring to multimodal integration and from laboratory prototypes to systems with practical utility. This paper systematically reviews the core working principles and theoretical models of TENGs, focusing on their applications in wearable physiological parameter acquisition. It summarizes technical developments in material innovation, structural optimization, and system integration. Finally, the paper outlines future directions addressing challenges such as energy density and environmental interference, aiming to provide systematic guidance for advancing this field from fundamental research toward robust, high‐performance wearable health monitoring systems.
Journals
2026 EN
Sultani Haider N. · Wessjohann Ludger A. · Rivera Daniel G.
+2 more
ABSTRACT Profluorescent nitroxides (PFNs) have established themselves as powerful tools for monitoring oxidative processes and subcellular redox dynamics by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their characteristic “off–on” behavior arises from the efficient, proximity‐driven quenching of covalently bound fluorophores by paramagnetic nitroxide radicals, after which restoration of fluorescence can be achieved by radical reduction or chemical conversion. Here, an overview of the design principles, synthesis strategies, and biological applications of nitroxide–fluorophore conjugates is provided, highlighting their functional roles in the detection of reactive oxygen species, with a particular focus on organelle‐specific probes for mitochondria, cell membranes, lipids, and DNA. Probes lacking specific organelle‐targeting motifs are also included. The chemical parameters, including the selection of fluorophores and nitroxides, the synthesis and stability of linkers, and strategies for controlling pH‐dependent fluorescence, are discussed. PFNs that can selectively detect specific ROS and demonstrate their broader applicability in vivo for monitoring disease‐related oxidative stress, antibacterial mechanisms, and collagen degradation are also introduced. Therefore, PFNs will continue in their expansion to be useful analytical toolkits for real‐time redox imaging and offer promising next‐generation organelle‐specific probes and theranostic applications.
Journals
2026 EN
Palwe Ajinkya · Awasthi Saurabh · Shukla Shobha
+2 more
Femtosecond Laser‐Enabled Monolithic Sensors Depicting single‐step femtosecond laser fabrication of flexible capacitive pressure sensors with embedded silver electrodes and microhole structuring, highlighting the research on streamlined, high‐sensitivity devices for next‐generation wearable and biomedical applications. More details can be found in the Research Article by SeungYeon Kang and co‐workers (DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202500068).
Journals
2026 EN
Torati Sri Ramulu · Slaughter Gymama
ABSTRACT Isoniazid (INZ) is an antimicrobial agent that treats tuberculosis by inhibiting the InhA enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis , making sensitive and reliable methods for routine monitoring essential to ensure safe and effective therapy. We report the development of a novel paper‐based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of isoniazid. The sensor is constructed using a gold inkjet‐printed electrode (GIPE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), chitosan (CH), and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), forming a GIPE/AuNPs/CH/MWCNTs sensor. Electrochemical deposition of AuNPs effectively addressed insulating gaps generated during the sintering of the gold ink, enhancing electrical conductivity and surface uniformity. The synergistic combination of AuNPs and MWCNTs increased the electroactive surface area and improved electron transfer kinetics, while chitosan provided excellent film‐forming ability, stability, and biocompatibility. The resulting sensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance for INZ, offering a broad linear detection range of 1 – 100 µ m and achieving low detection limits of 0.31 µ m in PBS and 0.29 µ m in urine. Additionally, it demonstrated high selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, highlighting its potential as a simple, cost‐effective, and high‐performance platform for INZ detection in pharmaceutical and clinical applications.
Journals
2026 EN
Zandi Zahra · Yassari Mehrasa · Mohseni Mojtaba
+9 more
Abstract This study focuses on developing and evaluating electro‐conductive polyamide‐imide (PAI) ultrafiltration membranes with a stable metallic coating that can tackle the dual challenges of dye removal and membrane fouling in wastewater treatment applications. The Ag‐coated PAI membranes exhibit high electrical conductivity (exceeding 5.6 × 10 4 S cm −1 ), enabling the use of an applied electric potential to enhance dye removal efficiency and mitigate membrane fouling via electrochemical mechanisms. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test confirm the high conductivity of the membranes. Meanwhile, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) revealed the presence of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on the membrane surface. These findings provide valuable insights into the electrochemical potential for fabricating electro‐conductive membranes (ECMs). The Ag‐PAI membranes demonstrate remarkable dye rejection, with rates reaching 97% for reactive red 120 (RR120) and 90% for reactive black (RB) at an applied voltage of 7 V, while maintaining a consistent permeate flux of ≈100 LMH. The membranes also show significantly improved resistance to organic fouling, with the flux recovery ratio (FRR) increasing from 49.14% for pristine PAI to 80.41%, representing a 31% enhancement. The enhanced antifouling performance is attributed to gas bubble formation during voltage application, which disrupted the accumulation of the fouling cake layer. Together, these mechanisms effectively enhance the overall performance of the membrane.
Journals
2026 EN
Wadodkar Nikita A. · Salunke Rahul S. · Pawar Sarla K.
+6 more
Abstract Supercapacitors represent a transformative energy storage technology, bridging the gap between conventional capacitors and batteries through their exceptional power density, rapid charge/discharge capabilities, and extended cycle life. This comprehensive review examines recent breakthroughs in next‐generation supercapacitor technology, with particular emphasis on binder‐free electrode architectures and advanced fabrication methodologies. Cutting‐edge manufacturing techniques are systematically analyzed, including chemical vapor deposition, electrospinning, sol–gel processing, and additive manufacturing, highlighting their role in overcoming traditional limitations imposed by polymeric binders. The discussion encompasses novel material systems, such as graphene‐based architectures, transition metal compounds, and conductive polymer networks, which collectively enable enhanced specific capacitance (>500 F g −1 in optimized systems) and improved energy density while maintaining superior power characteristics. A critical evaluation of scalable production methods addresses the transition from laboratory innovations to industrial implementation, with specific attention to cost‐effectiveness and process sustainability. The review further explores emerging applications across diverse sectors, including: 1) renewable energy integration and grid stabilization, 2) electric vehicle power systems, and 3) flexible/wearable electronics. Through a comprehensive assessment of existing challenges and future directions, this review provides a constructive reference for researchers in materials science, electrochemistry, and energy engineering.
Journals
2026 EN
Nithiyasri Vivekanandhan · Thulasi Kandan · Kumar Palathedath Suresh
Abstract For the manifestation of hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen availability at low cost is an essential requirement. Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) during electrochemical water splitting is anticipated to produce green hydrogen commercially. Alternative electrocatalysts to the Pt based materials have shown low performance in terms of high overpotential or low cycle life. To meet the high demand for minimal usage of noble metals toward HER, bimetallic and/or core‐shell nanostructures are being evaluated. The present report demonstrates a facile preparation of Cu@Pd core‐shell nanostructures over a copper foil toward HER, involving a template electrodeposition of copper followed by palladium deposition through galvanic replacement reaction. The results show highly promising catalytic stability toward HER in acidic medium with an overpotential value of 185 mV for reaching a current density of –10 mA.cm −2 , together with a Tafel slope of 120 mV.dec −1 , which suggests a facile HER kinetics over Cu@Pd/Cu foil and a promising long‐term stability for 16 h suggesting their potentiality toward commercial HER applications. The catalysts are further extended toward HER in neutral and seawater electrolytes to evaluate the versatility of Cu@Pd/Cu foil. The HER activities are supported by in situ Raman analysis to get interfacial information during the reaction.